Art History Essay

1. How does Ernst Gombrich define style and how might we understand the relationship between an object’s style and the time and place in which it was created? Ernst Gombrich defines style as â€Å"any distinctive, and therefore recognizable, way in which an act is performed or an artifact made or ought to be performed and made.† He also portrays style as distinguished event or pieces that has â€Å"desirable consistency and conspicuousness† and â€Å"stands out from a mass of ‘undistinguished’ events or objects†. In relation to time and place in which style was created, â€Å"The analysis of stylistic traditions in terms of the means peculiar to individual arts cuts across another approach, which is less interested in longitudinal study of evolution than in the synchronic characterization of all activities of a particular group, nation, or period.† 2. Based upon the readings, what is the relationship between style and form? Style is observing and seeing recognizable features in an object; form is in representing the event, portrays the idea, in which style and form come together to create pictorial representation. 3. Jacques-Louis David is often described as the leader of the Neoclassical school of painting and Oath of the Horatii is frequently described as the quintessential Neoclassical painting. Identify five elements of David’s painting that might be described as Neoclassical. 1. â€Å"Neoclassic artists and critics sought to revive the ideal of classical Greece and Rome.† The drapery and clothing worn by the figures in the drawing represent the classical Greek era, as well as; the columns in the background show a great representation of classical architecture. 4. The harsh, slanting light gives the figures their relief, and their contrasting characters are conveyed using different forms. The figures are separated by large empty spaces in a stage-like area shown head-on. The applied shade and shadow contrasted to the lighting emphasis enhanced the perception of depth. 5. â€Å"There is a sense of order, logic, and clarity in the subject matter and content, concepts† such as dedicating it to a ruler. Also there is a sense of decorum, appropriateness, and morality was emphasized. The painting isn’t styled with playful subject matter, or dreamy mythological, Greek god-like figures and bright colors, but technical approach by the artist. 6. Through the use of shade and applied shadows to representing three dimensional space on a two dimensional canvas. The 1-point perspective of the room was convincingly natural; the human figures were well proportioned and anatomically accurate. 7. The return to the Roman antiquity was the primary source of inspiration, which led to a period of resurgence in classicism and classical knowledge. It was also a period of enlightenment and rational thinking. This entire picture was a result of an imagination, drawn up with convincing realism to serve as an illustration to convince the viewers at their first glance. 8. Explain the significance of genre and narrative in the classification of David’s Oath as Neoclassical. This image is classified in the genre of history painting. This painting was based on the legend about the founding of Rome. David tells the story of three brothers that make an oath of loyalty to their father swearing defend their city ‘til death. . Most Neo-Classical paintings take their subjects from Ancient Greek and Roman history. In this painting, the Horatii brothers are swearing an oath on their swords, which their father presents to them to fight until they die for their country. David creates the ideal image to represent â€Å"greater seriousness and moral commitment,† which are the basic principles of Neo-Classicism. David achieves what most neoclassical artists and critics strive for in their art by reviving the idea of classical Greece and Rome.

Missing the Target

This article is written to the general public.   It is begging the question, how do we close the gap? The school district or town of Ossining is struggling to get to the root of the great racial divide. However, the bigger question, is it race, is the real issue.   Is it socioeconomic or an even greater issue at hand?   The values stressed in this article are of education, equality and integration. The author whole-heartedly believes that the great racial divide is what hinders many African-American and Latino students.   The author also points out that the students have benefited from the integration and provides examples in the article of said benefits. Let us examine the points a little further. The article asks the question, ‘can the town continue to use racial targeting to close the achievement gap?’ Is that what is going on? According to the article, ‘†they're doing a lot of things, but it's not clear that they're working.†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ He (Noguera) says the results of his research are forthcoming.   Pedro Noguera is a New York University sociologists and nationally known expert in the achievement gap (Goldstein). He does not see how this is helping but gives the school an A for effort.   However, effort alone does not achieve results, especially in this instance.   I do not see the efforts of Ossining as an academic achievement, but as a social one. It is irrelevant as to whether I agree with the values of the article, although I do. However, the values of integration do not solve the problems of the educational divide, which is the point or thesis of the article.   What is stressed here is how African-Americans do better in the workforce when they are put in integrated environments and pregnancy rates are lowered for Latina and African-American teenagers, but what does that have to do with education? The sociological gap presented here is really what is being questioned.   However, that is not achieving equality in higher education. Programs such as the Boy Scouts of America or summer enrichment programs can achieve integration or exposure to a less segregated social experience.   The question in the article is about closing the achievement gap and that is not being addressed or answered in this article. The author values integration, equal opportunity, enrichment exposure and self-esteem.   However, if the parents of the affluent are the only ones involved, then there will only be a social integration.   Achievement comes from involvement and reinforcement at home.   There are few children that can achieve anything with parents who cannot understand and assist in homework or academic endeavors.   That is discouraging.   My take on it is to target parents and to teach them about what good study habits are.   It does not matter if the children are being targeted if it is not reinforced at home. There are only a minute amount of children that can make achievements in dire circumstances.   If the parents are telling the children to work hard or that they need them to get a job to help out with bills and other extenuating circumstances, such things can and will deter academic achievement.   There are statistics that show parents that read have children that read.   The emphasis on education starts at home and if there is a sociological disadvantage, then that is what needs to be addressed and resolved since, obviously, such efforts as in the Ossining school are missing the target; educational equality.

Game Wardens Essay

1. Why do most game wardens decide to become game wardens? Most guys become game wardens because they like the outdoors and fish and wildlife in general. In my case, it ran in the family as your Grandad, Larry Glover, was a game warden. 2. What kind of things does a game warden do? Can the job be physically demanding? Game wardens patrol for fish and wildlife violations and conduct investigations regarding these offenses, both state and federal. Some game wardens also conduct biological duties such as fish creel censuses, deer/elk/antelope population surveys, and migratory bird aerial surveys. The typical state game warden serves in one county and is responsive to all fish and wildlife issues there-in. A federal game warden can be in charge of an entire region of a state. I was never home for very long periods because there was so many duties I had to fulfill. The job is demanding both physically and mentally. I could be â€Å"breaking the ice† to check duck hunters in the frozen marsh one day and wearing a coat and tie to testify in court the next day. I told the young agents that I supervised, â€Å"It’s not a job but a way of life. † 3. If a man wants to become a game warden, how should he best prepare? Is there a difference of preparation on the state and federal level? Any majors he should pursue in college? Most game wardens I know majored in Wildlife Management or Criminal Justice while in college. My degree was in Wildlife Management. Most states now require a degree for entry level game warden positions. Federal game wardens usually have several years of state experience prior to coming on board. 4. How competitive is it to get a job as a game warden? Is the level of competition different on the state and federal level? The competition is extremely tough both at the state and federal level. Even when I came on as a New Mexico Game Warden back in 1971, it was tough. I waited for several months after applying to several states and only got on because my dad knew the New Mexico Director of Game & Fish. Even then, I started out as a lowly beaver trapper and worked my way up to district game warden supervisor. I left the New Mexico State Game and Fish Department for federal game warden service in 1976. 5. Any tips on getting hired as a game warden? Get your degree, take any position available in the game department, work any law enforcement job available while waiting (police officer, deputy sheriff, etc.) for the experience, get to know your local game warden, and don’t violate any fish and game laws. Tom McKay, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service Special Agent 6. What is the average salary for a game warden on the state and federal level? Oklahoma state game wardens are paid very poorly. It’s about $30K/year. Texas wardens are paid much better- about $52K/year. On the federal level, Special Agents with the US Fish & Wildlife Service usually start as GS-7 on the federal pay scale, which is about $40K/year. Plus you get Law Enforcement Availability Pay (LEAP) which is 25% of your base grade or about another $10K. You can work your way up to Journeyman Special Agent. It’s a GS-12 on the federal pay scale, which is about $100K/year. 7. What is the best part of the job? The best part of the job is the field work and camaraderie with fellow officers, both state and federal. These guys become your â€Å"brothers† with friendships that last a lifetime. 8. What is the worst part of the job? The worst part of the job is the administrative requirements such as personnel and investigative reports. You may work a week on a case and several weeks preparing it for prosecution. Also, the supervisory responsibilities (if you go that high) are trying and time-consuming. Always hated that aspect of my job. 9. What is the biggest misconception people have about the job? The biggest misconception is that game wardens spend all their time hunting and fishing. The good wardens and agents have no time for this as they are in the field managing the other nimrods out there during hunting season. I hunted and fished much more before I became a game warden, not at all after I became one. 10. What is the work/family balance like? As you observed, Brett, the work/family balance is horrible. Never home, always on the road or in the field on a case. However, that’s how I grew up with my Dad and your Mom with her father (Editor’s Note: My mom’s dad was a forester). So, we were used to it, but it doesn’t make it right. I still regret the time I missed with you boys and your sister. 11. Are there ways to move-up in the job, or in other words, what is the hierarchy like? The promotion potential is great in federal service. If you do a good job and are willing to move, the promotion potential is likely. However, anything higher then a Journeyman Special Agent (GS-12) usually requires a 2-year stint in Washington, DC headquarters as a desk agent. I never chose to do this, but was lucky to obtain the Resident Agent In Charge (RAC) position, which increased my pay to a GS-13. That’s the position I had when I retired. The hierarchy for the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Office of Law Enforcement is: Special Agent, Resident Agent in Charge, Assistant Special Agent in Charge, Special Agent in Charge, and Chief of Law Enforcement (along with several division chiefs under him).

Significance of Customer Portfolio Management in Modern Business Essay

Significance of Customer Portfolio Management in Modern Business Environment - Essay Example In order to identify the changing customer preferences, firms are to manage their customer portfolios. Many advanced technologies are available today that can manage customer portfolios and thereby keep in touch with changing customer interests. Keeping well planned customer portfolios can strengthen customer relations and thereby customer retention for a long term. A loyal customer is an invaluable asset of any organisation that contributes to the accomplishment of the firm’s long term goals and objectives. Scholars reflect that efficient customer portfolio management at different levels of an organisation is a fundamental driver of strategic as well as financial success. The concept of customer portfolio can significantly contribute to the firm’s efforts to retain the profitable segments of its customers because customer portfolio is a potential way to achieve enhanced customer satisfaction. According to experts, â€Å"in much the same way that we can examine a portf olio of products or brands, the importance of customers as assets and investment centres mandates a similar portfolio analysis† (Hooley, et al. 2008, p.436). This paper will explore the concept of customer portfolio management. ... Thorough analysis of customer portfolios can assist a company to identify how a specific customer group is performing. To illustrate, customer portfolios can be beneficial for a construction company to evaluate the account receivable of home builder customer group to obtain a clear view of the level of financial risk, in case there is a slowdown in the market for homes. A company’s customer portfolio is comprised of customers who are grouped together based on or more ‘strategically important variables’ (Ibid). Generally each customer is linked to just one particular group in the portfolio. At one point, each customer is treated as unique and at another point all customers can be treated as identical (Ibid, p.125). While observing the corporate world, most of the firms are strategically positioned somewhere between these two points. Referring to various customer management theories, it may not be a good strategy to manage all customers in the same way unless such a policy makes strategic sense for doing so. Customers vary on the grounds of revenues and cost profiles and each customer has different tastes, preferences, and expectations (Yang & Peterson, 2004). As a result, a company has to manage customers in different ways considering their particular needs and wants. To make it more clear, customized product and face to face account management may satisfy the interests of some customers in the B2B context whereas standardized product and web-based self-service would be more effective in meeting the needs of some other customers. Undoubtedly, customers constitute an invaluable asset of any organisation regardless of its size and nature (Conejo, 2013). Unlike what many people think it is not factors

H306 Mens Health Interview Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

H306 Mens Health Interview - Essay Example Unlike in the past when I would run my garage efficiently, I currently had to leave some of my responsibilities to my juniors a feature that has drastically reduced my earnings. Patient: Prior to the discovery of the condition, I had a health cover with a local insurance company in the city. However, the insurance catered only for the time I remained admitted in hospital. Once I was discharged, I had to pay for my subsequent visits to the hospital besides the fact that I have to buy the drugs that I use in managing the condition. The costs of drugs and regular visits to the hospitals have been unbearable for my family. As I had said, I had to relinquish some of the duties I would engage in in the past at my garage. This reduced my earnings owing to the fact that the garage is a small business. Additionally, the fact that I had to keep company at all times further complicated my lifestyle since I have to engage one of my sons. The news of my condition scared the stability of my family. On the day I collapsed, it took long for the people around me to settle on the most appropriate cause of action. I therefore nearly died at the scene. When my family eventually came to see me at the hospital, my condition broke their hearts. However, they have stayed supportive always understanding my situation and sparing money whenever possible. They have reduced their demand thereby making it easier for me to cope with my condition. Despite their support and understanding attitude, I still notice the pain n their eyes and the strain they undergo having to readjust their budgets in order to sustain me. Interviewer: Sorry for the pain sir, your condition is a result of lifestyle complications. What was your lifestyle prior to the diseases and how has this changed once you realized you have the disease? Patient: My doctors told me so too and I have in deed restructured my life in order to lengthen my life and manage the condition. I loved sugary foodstuff

Writer's choice Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Writer's choice - Term Paper Example With the implementation of effective security mechanism we can gain a great deal of confidence and peace of mind while using these systems at home or marketplace (Shelly, Cashman and Vermaat; Turban, Leidner and McLean). This paper presents some of the security, privacy and ethical aspects regarding information technology and computer systems. There are many issues and threats which are hindering the successful operation and working on information and computer system arrangements. In this scenario, one of the initial risks is security issues from less effectively recruited staff personnel. For instance, any staff member with some illegal aims and objectives can set a virus in the database or hack the overall corporate information. Additionally, this is one of the major ethical dilemmas in information and computer systems (UN; Farshchi, Gharib and Ziyaee). In addition, differences in operating systems, versions and patches can also create various problems and issues regarding defense and protection of information and computer systems. In the absence of such protection strategy the overall information and data can be hacked or deleted. In worst case the business information can be accessed by corporate competitors. Additionally, absence of antivirus software for information and computer systems can also cause a huge problem for personal or business data and information. In case of such situation any virus can simply attack and destroy or stop the overall working of systems. In addition, one of the main issues is about the absence of internal firewalls. In this scenario, any user of systems and web services are open to virus attacks, malware, or Trojan attacks. In such situation overall information and computer systems can be hacked or influenced in case of effective handling and management of operations (UN; Farshchi, Gharib and Ziyaee ). This section discusses how some of the major and critical security, privacy and ethical issues happen.

Female labor force in Turkey Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Female labor force in Turkey - Research Paper Example 257). However, as time moved on, the number of women in the labor force started increasing rapidly from 1960 s through 1980s before starting to slow down in 1990s. By 1999, women made 60% of the world labor force which was considered as their peak participation in the labor market. However, since 1999, women participation in the labor force has greatly declined. This can be attributed to a number of reasons, which includes; lack of education, poverty, gender biasness in the employment sector and predominance of men in white-collar jobs such as medicine, engineering and law (Vaizey, P. 57). Nonetheless, across the world women participation in the labor force remains at a relative high level especially among women with children, and a good number of women does a full-time job all year round. The high number of women in the job market can also be attributed to the fact that women have increasingly ventured in the field of education, and a good number of them have acquired higher levels of education. Among women aged between 25-64 years of age in the labor force, the number of those who had attained a college degree tripled from the year 1970 to 2012 (Mills, P. 41). In terms of earnings, women’s earnings in relation to the men’s earning have also been growing since the Second World War 2. During 1970s, women’s earnings were 62% of the men’s earning among women who had a full-time job during that time. In 2012, women’s earning was calculated as 81% of the men’s earning for women who had a full-time job at that time. This trend indicates that women’s population continues to increase in the labor force as time goes by. In 2012, 57.7% of women were in the labor force while men labor force percentage which has always been more than that of women was quoted at 70.5% (Vatter, P. 8). Across the world, the women unemployment rate was 7.9 percent while that of men was 8.2 percent. The

Traditional Chinese Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 10

Traditional Chinese Culture - Essay Example The Chinese traditional distinct language is a cultural value that establishes a mutually tolerant and universally embraceable world order. Language is a communication symbol that connects the Chinese citizens with external contacts. This is because a person has to learn the traditional Chinese language in order to transact business with the locals (Zhang 9). The distinct grammatical and phonological set up of the language inspires interest among foreigners. Similarly, the unique writing style requires one to understand the sentence formation for easy communication. For instance, business interactions require the usage of a common communication model understood by all partners. The traditional Chinese language has been studied across the world because the country boasts of sophisticated industrial and technological advancements (Zhang10). As a result, this has inspired a mutually tolerant and universally embraceable world order where people from diverse backgrounds come together to l earn a common language. Religion is always a unifying element that brings together believers to embrace and accept each other. China has three main religious denominations that people profess to for spiritual nourishment and divine intervention. The Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism have contributed to the Chinese civilization through their spiritual teachings. Buddhism is the most practiced religion in the country and spreads across other Asian nations (Zhang 15). The social and ethnic relevance of the religious associations has enabled the believers to develop their generation. It is apparent that Buddhism has had a remarkable contribution to Chinese civilization because most of the words and phrase used in the country have roots in the Buddhist origin.

Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Law - Essay Example Issues Relevant to The Contract for the Sale of the Van Misrepresentation In negotiating for the purchase of a van from Daly, Winston explained that the putative van must have a storage capability of 200 feet and must be capable of regularly transporting antique furniture up to 1 ton. Based on these requirements, Daly told Winston that he had a van the fit Winston’s requirements and a van was offered for sale and accepted based on Daly’s representations. In fact, Daly also noted that the van in question had hardly been broken in. It is a fundamental rule of contract law that the parties to a contract enter into a contract on the basis of an understanding that they will receive the benefit bargained for and forming the inducement to enter into the contract.1 In addition, should one of the contracting parties fail to perform as mandated pursuant to the contract, the party losing the benefit bargained for and reflected in the contract for sale, is entitled to compensation for that loss.2 When the party loses the entire benefit of his or her bargain, he is entitled to treat the contract as terminated.3 Under the contract for the sale of the van, Winston was promised and expected to receive a van capable of replacing the van lost in the conduct of the antique shop’s business. The truck however, turned out to be inadequate as a replacement vehicle. The question is therefore whether or not the van’s failure to live up to expectations amounts to a breach of the contract on Daly’s part. Daly did make certain representations or as it turned out, misrepresentations that the van in question was fit for purpose. Misrepresentation occurs when false information is communicated and that false information induces the other party to enter a contract to which the false information applies.4 Misrepresentation can be made fraudulently or negligently or innocently.5 It is difficult to discern from the facts of the case for discussion whether or not the false information provided by Daly that the van was fit for its intended purpose was negligent, innocent or fraudulent. However, as a skilled or experienced salesman, it can be assumed that at the very least, Daly ought to have known whether or not the van was fit for purpose. It is therefore reasonable to assume that Daly’s misrepresentation was negligent at the very least. Regardless, it will be for Winston to prove that he relied on the information communicated to him or was induced by that information to enter into the contract.6 It can be assumed from the facts that Winston did in fact rely on Daly’s communication of facts since he was looking for a specific van with specific requirements and communicated those facts to Daly. Fit for Purpose Quite apart from misrepresentation, Winston can consider taking action against Daly under statute. By statutory law, it is an implied term of contracts for the sale of goods that goods purchased for a specific purpose are fit for purpose. By virtue of Section 14 (3) of the Sale of Goods Act 1979, where a purchaser either â€Å"expressly or by implication makes known to the seller† it is implied that the â€Å"goods supplied under the contract are reasonably fit for that purpose† unless the purchaser â€Å"does not rely,† on the â€Å"skill or judgment of the seller†.7 Winston can prove that he rel

The importance of the British Council in Britain's cultural diplomacy Essay

The importance of the British Council in Britain's cultural diplomacy - Essay Example Cultural diplomacy is imperative for states in order to achieve opportunities and broader prospects of business, education etc. from different parts of the world. It will not be incorrect to state that cultural diplomacy is as important for a country as its foreign policy. It is due to the fact that both maintain peaceful international relationship of a respective country with other countries in terms of politics, economics, education etc. British Council is one of the renowned cultural diplomacy tools of United Kingdom that has had a prestigious history of marinating peaceful relationship of UK with other countries. This paper aims to discuss the role of British Council in conducting cultural diplomacy for UK. The analysis would be done by closely looking at the historical highlights and achievements of British Council. Furthermore, its significance would also be studied in the paper within the context of its foreign policy. British Council is referred to the international cultural body of United Kingdom that was initiated in order to represent UK’s culture in different parts of the world. British Council is basically an independent council which is public in its scope. It should be noted that British Council is closely working with government. The role of government in administrating British Council is in terms of selecting countries where cultural diplomatic activities can be undertaken (Taylor, Cultural Diplomacy and the British Council:). The goals and missions of British Council have common agenda of conducting cultural diplomacy for UK in international world order to develop a positive image of UK (Ager). British Council is also considered as an intermediary of foreign policy department of United Kingdom as its concept was discussed and passed at the foreign diplomatic organization of UK. British Council was initiated at the time when many other cultural organizations from France and counterparts of Europe were actually becoming victorious in conducting cultural diplomacy across the globe. It can be said that British Council was initiated as an inspired project from the existing cultural organizations of French and Germans in late 1920s (Hecht and Donfried). In actual terms, British Council was initiated in 1934 in order to introduce different countries with Britain’s standard of education and its culture. The core goals of representing education and cultural standing of Britain were achieved by organizing expedition tasks, concerts, art exhibitions, tutorials and lectures etc (Hecht and Donfried). The primary focus of British Council in the initial stages was to give coverage to the Middle Eastern countries and underdeveloped countries of Europe where much assistance for education was needed during 1950s (Thomas). The working process of British Council was majorly indirect in its initial stages until it started to operate in its own offices. Earlier, a number of consulates were being worked through by British Council which relatively slowed down its working mechanism. Obviously, it was a very crucial stage for British Council to begin operating from its own offices in different locations of the world (Levermore and Budd). It was for this reason that the organization collected information regarding different communities of the world at the first place to give preference to location. After getting an augment idea through research regarding different communities, British Council resumed its operation through offices opened abroad. In this series, the first office of British Council was opened at Egypt. It should be noted that the working criteria of British Council got complicated as international politics was heading towards World War II (Levermore and Budd). A great deal of barriers was noted in the working process of British Council as World War II led in the closure of most of its offices in Middle East and Mediterranean countries. It should be not

Power of language Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Power of language - Assignment Example I learned from this that it is not a good idea to try and impress people unless you really what you are talking about. If you do not know the correct technical terms to use, then it can sound ridiculous. In this case I tried to show off and it did not have the desired effect. To this day I am reminded of this error because my friend Tony still calls me â€Å"drip kick† when he sees me. He thinks it is funny, but I am getting tired of being reminded of it all the time. Now whenever I see a football game, I think of how small things that we say can have a long term effect on the way people see each other. When I am learning about a new area, I take extra special care to familiarize myself with the technical language. I am also more aware of the power of words to hurt people. This means that when someone does something stupid, I try to remember how I felt about making that mistake, and I usually say something encouraging so that the other person does not feel so bad. I will try not to be cruel, and to cause pain by criticizing people. I will also observe how people behave on television, and by watching how people speak, and how others react, I will be able to reflect on how powerful some kinds of words can be. I will tell this story about my experience to other people, partly to make them laugh, and partly to show how making simple mistakes with words can have a lasting effect. It was not a serious matter in this case, but there could be times when such a mistake would be damaging, such as when a politician speaks about something important. I think sometimes we expect too much of people in positions of authority. We expect them to know everything, and to be able to speak perfectly, without any mistakes. This is unrealistic, however, and I will talk to others about the way that the media sometimes exaggerates the mistakes that famous people make. Things get blown out of

Correlational results Essay Example for Free

Correlational results Essay The correlation results show that patronage of Body Shop products because of their being environment friendly is significantly correlated with their being a socially responsible company. This means that patronage of Body Shop products increases as well with positive perceptions of their company as being socially responsible. Moreover, such patronage is also positively and significantly correlated with their expressed support for companies that espouse care for the environment. None of the statements were significantly related to overall satisfaction of Body Shop products, which suggests that there are other determinants of satisfaction apart from espousing environment friendliness and corporate social responsibility. Clearly, based on Schaper’s (2005) nomenclature, Body Shop is a green-green company which deliberately has an environmental vision. He asserts that a true double green company does not exist because it is what experts call the perfect model of what an environmental company should be. He also has cited Body Shop as an epitome of this category, which ecocopreneur Anita Roddick has deliberatly pushed towards a strong environmental thrust. She did not merely intend to make profits but also wanted to have environmentalism as a core value. Moreover, she was successful at reinventing the cosmetics industry into something that conveyed honesty, altruism and environmental stewardship, in stark contrast with its cheating nature (Schaper 2005). Thus, everything about the company espoused this core value. Clearly, the growth of the company was a consequence of Anita Roddick’s social vision. Moreover, there has been a rising trend of consumers who look for merchandise and services that work toward saving the planet and its resources, which has made Body Shop extremely popular and successful (Schaper 2005). To this day, the company continues to espouse the same values. In fact, changes in store at the end of August Customers will showcase the same values that reflect its socially responsible nature, including its environmental, human rights, anti-animal cruelty and community-trade credentials. These are thrusts which they have been pursuing for the past three decades and they intend to influence patrons to be crusaders of the same noble goals. With the death of their founder Anita Roddick, they intend to pursue the same goals of avoidance of testing on animals, utilization of recycled plastic bottles and encouragement of community trade to in developing countries, buying plant-based oils, essences and other ingredients from communities in developing countries (Mah 2008). While the company remains to be competitive, they have to struggle to compete against numerous competitors who just go along with the green bandwagon in the cosmetics industry. They compete with retailers like Lush, Bath Body Works and even companies like bleach-maker Clorox who green washed its image by merging with Burts Bees toiletries company (Mah 2008). The results show that Body Shop has met all its patrons’ expectations except for competitive price of the product; trendiness or fashion sense represented by the product; and the sales promotions used for the product. Moreover, it has been found that patronage of the products of Body Shop is significantly correlated with their being a socially responsible company. This means that patronage of Body Shop products increases as well with positive perceptions of their company as being socially responsible. In addition, such patronage is also positively and significantly correlated with their expressed support for companies that espouse care for the environment. However,   none of the statements were associated with overall satisfaction of Body Shop products, which suggests that there are other determinants of satisfaction aside from being an environmentally friendly and socially responsible company. Chapter 5 Conclusion and Recommendations 5. 1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Introduction This chapter shall present succintly the conclusions which have been garnered from the current research. Following this are some recommendations for the company and for future research. 5. 2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Conclusion. The following are the conclusions yielded from the present study: 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Body Shop has exceeded patrons expectations on the following factors which affect cosmetic buying choice: quality of the products, the customer service of the store personnel; the variety of product offerings in the store; the convenience of going to the store location; attractiveness of the packaging; the degree to which the product espouses â€Å"natural† rather than artificial; the values espoused by the company who sells the product. 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Body Shop has matched patrons’ expectations on the following factors which affect cosmetic buying choice: brand; the degree to which the product is environment friendly; and positive feedback garnered from significant others. 3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Body Shop, on the contrary, did not meet patrons expectations on the following factors that affect patrons’ cosmetic buying choice:   competitive price of the product; trendiness or fashion sense represented by the product; and the sales promotions used for the product. 4)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The correlation results show that patronage of Body Shop products because of their being environment friendly is significantly correlated with their being a socially responsible company. In addition, such patronage is also positively and significantly correlated with their expressed support for companies that espouse care for the environment. None of the statements were significantly related to overall satisfaction of Body Shop products. 5. 3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Recommendations. The following recommendations are put forth from the results of the present study: 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Body Shop should continue to leverage on its exceptional image, both as a corporation and as an employer. Its brand of being an environmentally conscious and socially responsible company is indeed very strong even after the death of its founder. This is a facet that it must carefully preserve for increased competitiveness. 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The company should look into the factors that have not met the expectations of its patrons, namely price, trendiness, and promotions. It must continuously look for innovative ways of making patrons see the value of paying a premium for natural products, especially now that consumers are becoming increasingly cost conscious. The respondents are very young, and thus are always in pursuit of something novel –this is something that Body Shop must be keen about. 3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Future researchers may use more complex research designs to ascertain the other correlates of satisfaction with cosmetic products. They may integrate more variables for study, using analysis of variance, factor analysis, or path analytic approaches for a more profound understanding of the topic. 4)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The same study may be replicated in other settings, to determine if culture has some influence on choice of cosmetic products. References As An Employer (2008) [Online] Available at http://www. loreal. com/_en/_ww/disability/our-company/as-an-employer. aspx [Accessed 10 August 2008] Avoncosmeticsnug (2007) A Brief History of Cosmetics [Online] Available at http://avoncosmeticsnug. wordpress. com/2007/12/31/a-brief-history-of-cosmetics/ [Accessed 7 August 2008] Booth, R. (2006) Activists call Body Shop Boycott. [Online] Available at: http://www. guardian. co. uk/business/2006/mar/17/retail.animalrights [Accessed 14 August 2008] Bowens J. , Kotler P. , Makens J. (2008) Consumer Markets and Consumer Buying Behavior, Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Boyd, L. (2008) Brief History of Beauty and Hygiene Products [Online] Available at http://library. duke. edu/digitalcollections/adaccess/cosmetics. html [Accessed on 7 August 2008] Bryman, A. (1992) Reasearch Methods and Organisation Studies. London, Routledge. Bushman, B. J. (1993) Whats in a Name? The Moderating Role of Public Self Consciousness on the Relation Between Brand Label and Brand Preference. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 78, no. 5, pp. 857-861. net/compass/compass_1996/reg/suzuki_noriko. htm [Accessed 14  August  2008] Tips. Net (n. d. ). Choosing the Right Cosmetics. [Online] Available at: http://beauty. tips. net/Pages/T0009_Choosing_the_Right_Cosmetics. html [Accessed 14 August 2008] VersantWorks (2008) Your Employer Brand [Online] Available at  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://explanation-guide. info/meaning/Employer-branding. html [Accessed on 10 August 2008] Webb-Campbell, S (2008). Thank You for Being a Friend The Body Shop. [Online] Available at http://www. thecoast. ca/Blog-3862. 113118-4126. 113118-p19579. 113118-Entry. html [Accessed 13 August 2008] Appendix A – Survey Questionnaire.

The Sovereignty EU Parliament

The Sovereignty EU Parliament Sovereignty of Member States (UK) after joining European Union structures – does it still exist? It is important first to address what the perception of the doctrine of supremacy is to then examine what effect membership of the European Union has had on the sovereignty of the United Kingdom Parliament. The doctrine of Parliamentary sovereignty in the UK can be traced back to the Glorious Revolution of 1688, which is considered by some as being one of the most important events in the long evolution of the respective powers of Parliament, establishing the superiority of statute over prerogative powers. Parliament’s legislative supremacy involves not only the right to change the law, but that they alone should have that right. By the sovereignty of Parliament it is meant that there are no constitutional limitations on legislative powers of ‘Parliament’: the Queen in Parliament, through which a Bill approved by the House of Commons and House of Lords receives Royal Assent and becomes an Act of Parliament. It also extends to include the concept that the courts are under an obligation to give effect to legislation passed by Parliament, and not to question Parliamentary decisions embodied in statute. Thus defined, Dicey said of Parliament, which is had ‘under the English constitution, the right to make or unmake any law whatever; and further that no person or body is recognised by the law of England as having a right to override or set aside the legislation of Parliament.’(Dicey, The Law of the Constitution 1885 p39-40). This statement by Dicey exemplifies the classic interpretation of the doctrine of Parliamentary sovereignty. However, the Diceyan concept of the absolute, infinite sovereignty of Parliament is considered out of date and therefore in need of being revised. The impact of European law on the ‘sovereignty’ of Member States is one of the most controversial aspects of its working. Sovereignty is generally taken to be the capacity of a state for independent action both within and outside its own territory. That definition may be broken down into three elements. First, and most importantly in the context of international law, comes external sovereignty or the capacity of a state freely to determine its relations with other states or international organisations. A state possessing such capacity is clearly independent of other states. So, in this context, independence is a near synonym for external sovereignty. The counter part of (and necessary condition for) external sovereignty is internal sovereignty which is a state’s exclusive right and jurisdiction to establish its own internal institutions, to make the necessary arrangements for their working, to legislate for all purposes and to secure observance of such legislation. Finally territorial sovereignty is the exclusive authority which a state may exercise over anything or anybody within, above or beneath its territory. This includes the jealousy guarded right to regulate access to the air space above the territory or, for example, to seize foreign submarines which encroach within the territorial waters of a maritime country. Clearly, sovereignty as so defined cannot be absolute. All states must respect the sovereignty of others and accept limitations to their sovereignty stemming either from their interaction with other states or, for example, from treaties which they have entered into. Sovereignty is defined as the ultimate overseer or supreme authority in a state.   In a state sovereignty is vested in the institution, person, or body to impose law on everyone else and to alter any pre-existing law. The word sovereignty is also defined in another ways. Nation states are said to renounce part of their sovereignty, for example by signing a Treaty or by agreeing to an EU Directive which removes the right of decision from the national government or parliament in a particular field. Or they are said to share sovereignty by agreeing to common action though EU institutions, thus participating in decisions taken by the EU in accordance with its procedures, and no longer retaining the right to act unilaterally. In this use of sovereignty it virtually means the same as freedom to decide unilaterally. Before analyzing sovereignty of UK after joining the EU, it is important to outline the reasoning for the supremacy of Community Law from the Community point of view, and then a definition of Parliamentary sovereignty will be given. To summarise the Community view on supremacy according to the Court of Justice is that Community law, because of its unique nature, denies the Member States the right to resolve conflicts of law by reference to their own rules or constitutional provisions. Community law obtains its supremacy because of the transfer of state power and sovereignty to the Community by the Member States in those areas agreed. Furthermore, the Member States have provided the Community with legislative powers to enable it to perform its tasks. There would be no point in such a transfer of powers if the Member States could annul or suspend the effect of Community law by later national law or provisions of the constitutions. If that were allowed to be the case, the existence of t he Community legal order and the Community itself would be called into question. A precondition of the existence and functioning of the Community is the uniform and consistent application of Community law and the Community legal order in all the Member States. It can only achieve such an effect if it takes precedence over national law. Therefore the legal and logical consequence of this is that any provision of national law which conflicts with Community law must be invalid. Now that the supremacy of the Community has been considered, Parliamentary sovereignty must now be considered. Basically, in terms of dicey, the doctrine of Parliamentary sovereignty means that there are no legal limitations of Parliament and it has the right to make or unmake any law whatsoever. Further, no person or body is recognised as having a right to override or set aside the legislation of Parliament. The doctrine also implies that it is impossible to bind future Parliaments. Any subsequent Act expressly or impliedly overrides a prior Act and even international treaties can be expressly overridden by municipal. The UK’s membership of the European Union produces difficult questions of competing supremacies of Parliament and the primacy of EU law. Britain’s accession to the European Economic Community on 1st January 1973, was described by Anthony King as having â€Å"profound constitutional consequences†. (Does the United Kingdom Still Have a Constitution? 2001 p54) Britain’s application for membership was made in 1967, the Treaty of Accession signed on 22nd January 1972 and this was implemented by the European Communities Act 1972. The basis of this Act was a white paper published by the Labour government in 1967, intended to address the constitutional implications of membership of the EC. The paper pointed out that the effect of the UK adhering in advance to future instruments imposed by the Community institutions had no precedent in this country, and would result in a ‘constitutional innovation’. Whether this innovation could be successfully impleme nted was never resolved before the introduction of the 1972 Act. Many have said since our membership in 1973 that our sovereignty has been said to be handed over to the EU. The issues surrounding sovereignty in the UK system are affected by Britain’s membership of the European Union (EU). The laws of the EU are binding on all member states, and therefore, take precedence over British domestic law. Apart from a few exceptions, EU legislation automatically becomes law within the UK, irrespective of the opinion of the British Parliament. Although this is the case, parliament could agree to repeal previous legislation, withdraw from the EU to demonstrate that parliamentary sovereignty still exists. Therefore this leads to the argument that Britain has kept its sovereignty with the fact that it could pass an Act to, â€Å"renounce the Treaty, or would that be an illegal act of rebellion?† (Norman Tebbit Nov. 1998) However, I believe this to be unlikely unless one of the mainstream political parties were to adopt a strong anti-EU policy. T he 1986 Single European Act and the Maastrict Treaty can be seen as reducing Britain’s sovereignty since they have extended the range of policy areas on which the EU can legislate. This has caused many British Conservative members of the European Parliament to continually vote against many proposals, not because they necessarily disagree with them, but that they think they should be dealt with at a national level. Upon Britain’s accession to the EU in 1973, direct effect was accepted by us pretty much immediately. However this was completely opposite when it came to the United Kingdom accepting the supremacy of EU law. This was seen to be a problem because the doctrine conflicts centrally with the concept of having British constitution of ‘parliamentary sovereignty.’ The acts of parliament override all existing law or legislation. However in 1990 the House of Lords found a way to reconcile British parliamentary sovereignty and supremacy. As on a reference from the House of Lords, the European Court of Justice ruled that a 1988 act of British parliament was in breach of EU law. â€Å"The House of Lords accepted the judgement on the grounds that in passing the 1972 act of accession to the EU, British parliament had voluntarily accepted the EU legal system of which the supremacy of EU law is a central part. The House of Lords also argued that this does not compromise parliamentary sovereignty, as a future British parliament could repeal this act of accession.† (The political system of the European Union, Simon Hix, Macmillan Press, London, page 117) Britain’s entry into the European Treatys has attracted huge reform, as British Parliament must legislate in conjunction with EU law. And Acts and Laws already in existence must be interpreted to conform to EU Law, and the State has to ensure that all EU law is transposed and implemented accurately. This puts a huge strain on the Courts whilst ruling, thus making a mockery of Precedent as any case incorporating EU legislation can only be considered using the purposive approach, in order that EU directive can be met. So then this means that Britain has not in fact reserved its sovereignty as promised when first mentioned to the public all those years before. To understand the concept, we first need to acknowledge the unwritten code of the constitution and its efforts to ensure that Parliament is the executive law producing body of the land. And so, any Act of Parliaments will need to be adhered to directly by the applicable national court. In the case of Regina v Secretary of State for Transport, ex parte Factortame it is easy to see the ingratiating manoeuvres of The House of Lords as it bows to supremacy of EU law.

Life Cycle of a Compact Disc (DC)

Life Cycle of a Compact Disc (DC) LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS OF A COMPACT DISC CDs have become an essential item in everybodys life. Despite its simple structure, it allows you to listen hours of music, to watch films on a player as well as to store a huge amount of information. For all these reasons, CDs consumption has increased in the last few years. Thats way a compact disc is an important matter of analysis in terms of life cycle and environmental footprint. In this essay Ill discuss the main points on the life cycle of this product from its creation to the final stage of its life. MATERIALS ACQUISITION CDs are made of many different materials. The main of them are: aluminum, polycarbonate, lacquer, gold, dyes and some other materials such as water, glass, silver and nickel. Aluminum is the most abundant metal in the Earths crust but the common aluminum is not economic sources of the metal. Thats why almost all metallic aluminum is produced from ore bauxite. Smelting of the ore occurs in different countries than the mining activity, so it involves its transportation. Polycarbonate is a type of plastic which is made from crude oil and natural gas extracted from the Earth. Lacquer is made of acrylic, another type of plastic. Gold is straight mined from the Earth. Dyes are chemicals made in laboratory, partially from petroleum products that come from the Earth. Mining is a key process at this point of the life cycle as it supposes the obtaining of the necessary raw materials that will make up the CD. All mining process involves the use of machinery such as trucks and excavator. Those vehicles consume energy and release CO2 emission to the atmosphere. In this stage, proposing any improvement is difficult as nowadays there is no other way of getting raw materials from Earths crust but by means of excavators. MATERIALS PROCESSING Materials acquisition is not the previous step to the manufacturing process. Most mined materials must be processed before manufacturers can use them to make CDs. As I mentioned before, bauxite ore is processed into a substance called â€Å"alumina† by washing, crushing, dissolving, filtering, and harvesting the materials. Alumina is then turned into aluminum through a process called â€Å"smelting.† Then the metal is shaped, rolled, or made into a cast. Regarding this material process, it has to be taken into account the fact that larger deposits of bauxite occur in certain countries and its processing takes place in different points of the world. This implies transportation from one place to the other and its consequent CO2 emissions. To make plastics, crude oil is extracted from the ground and combined with natural gas and chemicals in a manufacturing or processing plant. In some cases, burning plastics as part of a process can release toxic fumes. Moreover, the manufacturing of plastic often creates large quantities of chemical pollutants. In order to determine the carbon footprint due to all those material processes, we have to take into account the energy consumed in manufacturing and processing plant. Energy consumption is kept at a high level as smelting and some chemical processes require a huge amount of energy to be accomplished. MANUFACTURING PROCESS The manufacturing process of a CD is complex. An injection molding machine creates the core of the disc, a 1-millimeter thick piece of polycarbonate (plastic). Polycarbonate is melted and poured in a mold. Then, with the aid off high pressure, a stamper embeds tiny indentations, or pits, with digital information into the plastic mold. Those indentations or pits will be read by a laser when playing a CD. Therefore, it is an accurate process and it involves some specialized tools and machines. Then, the so-called process â€Å"sputtering† takes places. Through it, the â€Å"metallizer† machine coats the CDs with a thin metal reflective layer (usually aluminum). The playback laser reads the information off of the reflective aluminum surface. In order to protect the CD against scratching and corrosion, it receives a layer of lacquer as a protecting coating. Most CDs are screen printed with one to five different colors for a decorative label. Screen printing involves the use of many materials, including stencils, queegees, and inks. In the manufacturing process, a considerable amount of environmental aggressive products are used such as lacquer and inks. PACKAGING CDs are packaged in clear or colored plastic cases or cardboard boxes that are then covered with plastic shrink wrap. This packaging can be made from recycled or raw materials. For example, the plastic used can be from recycled bottles or from crude oil and natural gas extracted from the Earth and combined with chemicals. Manufacturing cardboard require cutting trees down. This is an important and aggressive action against the environment and therefore, it has to be taken into account when evaluating the environmental cost of packaging CDs. TRANSPORTATION/DISTRIBUTION The transportation supposes a considerable contribution to carbon footprint. Once discs are packaged, they are sent to all parts in the world where they are distributed. Transportation by plane, truck, or rail requires the use of fossil fuels for energy, which contribute to climate change. Moreover, manufacturing plants usually are located in underdeveloped countries due to economic reasons whereas the main consumption of this product is registered in developed countries. This involves long transport distances and then important CO2 emissions. USEFUL LIFE CDs are created with materials that are extremely stable. If properly stored and handled, most discs will last for decades. Certain conditions, such as high humidity, or extended periods of high temperatures, rapid temperature changes, and exposure to certain types of light, can damage discs and shorten their useful life. Keeping discs out of direct sunlight and away from heat and water will help them last longer. Following those easy instructions not only will save money, but it will also reduce the discs environmental impacts by preventing waste. From my point of view, this stage has an important meaning in terms of waste minimization. Our CDs consumption rate would decrease significantly if handling them properly. Making the useful life longer involves reducing all the process previous to the use, and so reducing the carbon footprint generated by the processing, manufacturing, transport process, etc. REUSE, RECYCLE OR DISPOSAL In order to reduce the discs environmental impacts, the disposal must be seen as the last option. Depending on their condition, discs can be reused or recycled instead of thrown away. Reuse A good way to keep discs out of the garbage is to reuse them. In this sense, one of the reasons why we get rid of discs is scratches. Minor scratches can be repaired by rubbing a mild abrasive (such as toothpaste) on the non-label side of a disc in a circular motion from the center out. Also, some commercial refinishers can inexpensively repair your CDs. Another main reason is that the disc is not longer wanted. Unwanted CDs or can be sold to some stores, traded with friends, or donated to schools, libraries, or other organizations. Buying used CDs borrowing them from the library can also help reduce the environmental impact associated with manufacturing new products. In my opinion this is the better alternative to disposal because unlike recycling, reusing doesnt involve any manufacturing or smelting process. Therefore less energy will be consumed resulting in a lower carbon footprint. Recycle CDs can be recycled for use in new products. Specialized electronic recycling companies clean, grind, blend, and compound the discs into a high-quality plastic for a variety of uses, including automotive industry parts, raw materials to make plastics, office equipment, alarm boxes and panels, street lights, and electrical cable insulation, jewel cases. Most CD recycling companies only accept large stockpiles of old, damaged, or unused from businesses. A few companies will accept smaller quantities of discs mailed by individuals. Once the recyclers receive the CDs, they separate the packaging materials, manuals, and CDs for individual recycling processes. You might consider contacting a CD recycling company on behalf of your school or school district-collecting CDs for reuse could be a good school or community fundraising project. Check your local phone book or search the Internet for a list of recyclers, and be sure to have one in place before you begin collecting CDs for recycling. As with most stages of product life cycles, even recycling has environmental tradeoffs. CD recycling is now an emerging technology, which means that many companies are not yet capable of recycling these discs. So, while recycling CDs saves natural resources, the trade-off comes from the amount of fuel and energy thats consumed to transport discs long-distances to an appropriate recycling facility. Disposal Only dispose of your discs when you have no other choice. Always try to share, donate, or trade your discs or drop them off at an appropriate recycling center. CDs and that are thrown away waste energy and result in lost valuable resources.

Baker :: essays research papers

Director of Bakery Cooperative My buddy is a baker out in DowningTown J$G Bagelry so I thought reading about a baker would be nice start to see what he does after he leaves home at one two in the morning to not return until midday. I know a few things about what by buddy does one is that you can't stay in the same bakery for more than 8 hours in a row or you get kind of sick I know he has to manage a bunch of people at two different bakeries. It seems like a job that could be fun but bad hours and a lot of responsibility. The one thing that would be hard is that my friend has to stay till the work is done and that can be 48 hour days. I want to work there but I bet they are out of business by now. The ideas that are held in esteem by these people are some things I want to be part of. First, the idea of community involvement stated as such, "We hire only nationhood people. We will hire anyone who can do the work. There have been all ages." (467). The other idea I like is that there is no owner and it's non profit, as the put it, "I'm the director. It has no owner. Originally I owned it. We're a nonprofit corporation 'cause we give our leftover bread away, give it to anyone who would be hungry."(447). They seem to mean that witch they say about giving away food I was most impressed with the story of the naborhood drunk, it goes something like this A drunk, who had obviously had a hard day's night, enters. There is a soft discussion. She hands him a loaf. He leaves, "He asked me for a quarter.

Islam Essay -- essays research papers

2000 Islam and Love Love is an important aspect of Islam. In the Sufi Path of Love, written by Rumi, Love is the central theme. Rumi speaks alot about love and its branches and ramifications. According to Rumi, Love ddominateds most of the Sufi way of life. In a translation of Sufi Path of Love written by William C. Chittuck, Sufi says: "No matter what I say to explain and elucidate Love, shame overcomes me when I come to Love itself. Love cannot be contained within our speaking or listening/ Love is an ocean whose depths cannot be plumbed.... Love cannot be found in erudition and science, books and pages. Whatever is duscussed by people- That is not the way of lovers. Whatever you have said or heard is the shell; The kernel of Love is a mystery that cannot be divulged." Chittuck's translation of this is that Love cannot be explained in words but that it must be felt to be understood. There is not possible way that you can tell someone what love is or write it down to someone so the person may understand. To Rumi, If love isn't felt, then the person will not truly know what love is. To understand the Islamic conception of Love, you must know the Koran's defenition of the term. The Prophet Muhammad once said, "God is beautiful, and He loves beauty." It can be also defined like this: "If something is beautiful, it is worthy of love." In the Vision Of Islam, it says that that whenever God is said to love something, the object of his love are hu...

Intimate Apparel Synopsis

Tommy DelZenero Intimate Apparel Feb 6th, 2013 The character I really tried to focus on while watching Intimate Apparel was George, the man from Panama. I thought he was the best actor on the stage that night, but that’s not saying too much. For the first half of the play, the actor performed a monologue with the spotlight solely on him. After the break, the actor participated in scene work with multiple characters. George in the storyline is a man who works a very physically demanding job digging canals in Panama.He one day decides to write a letter to Ester, the unmarried woman who works with fabrics, and he immediately takes a liking to her. They exchange letters for about six months and then it happens- George sends her a letter proclaiming his love and asks Ester to be his wife. She replies and says she would love to; he comes a few weeks later for the wedding. Off the bat when they met, it seems to be a little awkward; they had never met and barely knew each other. Over time, they got closer due to their proximity but emotionally they grew distant.George doesn’t seem to be the romantic that Ester had originally talked to. Also, she finds out that he has been cheating on her. He ends up taking her money and leaving Ester. There were a lot of good things that the actor did throughout the course of the play that I have been taught to do as well. He knew his lines for the most part, his inflection changed at appropriate times, and he used a lot of good hand motions and other gestures. Also, in the first half of the play (before the intermission), the actor played a roll in which he was very romantic and sweet.When he recited the letters, he was able to come across as a very well together and in love man. I genuinely thought he was being sincere and true to Ester. Later in the play, George became very distant and withdrawn. He became a cheating man without morals, who was selfish and inconsiderate. The actor was able to portray two different extr emes in the same play, and he did a pretty good job making the transition. I think this would be hard to accomplish, but he was effectively able to do so. Another effective part in the play was the anger the man who played George was able to show.At the scene in the bedroom talking to Ester, he stomped around, making a certain amount of noise without drowning out his own vocals. Throughout the journey of the theater performance, he made a lot of hand gestures and facial expressions that showed me how he felt; he let me feel his emotions. With that said, George didn’t have a flawless performance. For the most part, I thought it was poor acting; but he did well relatively speaking as I addressed above. With that said, it was hard to understand him half the time. At certain parts it seems he wasn’t exactly sure of his lines.He stuttered at parts that didn’t call for stuttering; it wasn’t apart of the script. That just comes down to memorization. Additionally , the actor lost the role at one point, letting out a smirk mid-scene. That smile kind of threw the audience; actors must be in character at all times. Physically, the actor made the audience believe he was a physically worn man. From the clothes he wore to his whole demeanor. His facial expressions showed exhaustion; while speaking from Panama, his voice was strong but tiresome and showed uncertainty. When he came to the contiguous United States, his physical appearance changed.Although he was not in Panama any longer, his true roots came out in the way he spoke and the heavy accent he placed on his words. George became better dressed and modernized; this led to an emotional change as well. Emotionally speaking, in the beginning of the play George was such a smooth talker; he was a sweetheart who was very persuasive and manipulative. The inflection George had in his voice was very sincere. He showed his charm and passion through the words in his letters (even though they turned out to not be his own words). Regardless, he made Ester fall in love with him and want to see him.He seemed genuine. In person though, he wasn’t so loving. George showed his heartlessness and rudeness in his cheating and dialect towards Ester. He showed anger by the way he stomped about the bedroom and stormed out of rooms. He showed his impatience by the way he knocked at the door, so hard and so loud. There were subtle things that could’ve been done better, but the emotion was attempting to be displayed. Intellectually the actor had a few different motives. The first half of the play the audience thought George was all about love and being Ester’s husband.After the intermission, his true colors came out and he became a money hungry hustler. Throughout the play, the character George had many different emotions and types of person he had to show. The actor did a pretty decent job with his faces and body language that he performed. I thought overall, he did an okay job and the play was interesting. I enjoyed watching the storyline play out, though the acting could’ve been much better. It seemed as though the performers were not prepared to act in front of an actual audience. With that said, I look forward to seeing other productions in the future.

Killer Joe and Gender Representations

Critical observations of unbalanced bureaus of sex In William Friedkins Tot entirelyy twisted fried Texas redneck trailer park move out story killer Joe Free humankindkind 1 British acquire theorist Laura Mulvey has spent her cargoner using psychoanalysis to divulge pre-set molds and social expectations ab away(p)(p) sexual practice and sexuality, to control classic Hollywood films. Mulvey has grappled that there are three ways in which gender is represented at heart Hollywood movie house. First, she argues that wo workforce drop control and meaning, thus fueling their dis authority for the appendage and power of a man.She a same states that wo manpower exist as a wordless opposition to the controlling man (a child-bearing motif continently in relation to). Last, this taste will argue that women are meant to fetch no significance of their own scarce acting as precisely a threatening obstacle for the virile to reduce or re-work (Visual sport and Narr ative Cinema, 1975). Laura Mulvey and her lots on fe manly person representations and gender roles within Hollywood films settle down prevail with fundamental relevancy in modern Hollywood cinema.This beneathtake will underline the truths of Mulveys observations by using William Friedkins violently repulsive farce killer Joe (2011) to argue that Mulveys article, no matter how protrudedated, can still be used to ad give rise cock-a-hoop and modern congressmans of unbalanced sexual representations within Hollywood cinema. On the sur present it may collide withm genuinely unadorned that the men puzzle the power in this film due to how the women are represented and treated.But, as slayer Joe unfolds the question is whether it is the women with the power, or mediocre an obvious appetency for power furnish by their lack of meaning, control, and a phallus, as Mulvey has mentioned in previous years. The first man we see in the film is unfledged and weak, wet, vulnerable , locked proscribed of the trailer and getting violent. He is verbally demeaning towards his smaller babe Dottie as if it were her fault that he is locked out, and her designing to wake up and let him in.Dottie smith is the first muliebrityly we see, and be scratchs a exchange subject for the ruthless male she freeman 2 lacks authority, lacks independence, and her fetal position is an obvious symbol for needing nurturing from a stronger being. Dottie is made to shape up lonesome, without companionship or passion. As she lies there, Friedkin intends to c one timenter on Dotties innocent aspects, such(prenominal) as her belongings dollhouses, stuffed animals, pink curtains, teen-pop heartthrobs attach to the walls, although the young woman in the lie with appears to be too old for such childish decor.The second woman we see is placed directly in summit of the camera by her unruly crotch. Her face appears after we become acquainted with her demoralise half, with bring onup smeared down her cheekbones and her nipples receptive from under a thin sweat-stained shirt. The first cardinal women in this film are arctic opposites (one a fragile blonde pure who sleeps with stuffed animals, and Sharla, an older brunette women a smallish too comfortable with her sexuality).This difference expresses to us that this story will focus tremendously upon the different aspects of woman as a representation, and highlight that Laura Mulveys views on women are still incredibly relevant byout Friedkins film. Mulvey withal mentions that the act of facial facial expression is a source of pleasure for the male scotophil. The explicit placement of the camera exhibits these women and their features to the listening as sexual spectacles season it solicits our attention, shapes our opinions intimately women to make erotic guessers out of us, and creates an unevenly distributed power to look (Mulvey, 1975).The young male, Chris Smith, is hardly phased by his ste p catchs discoverd vagina in his face because it is insinuated that he has any seen it before, seen many others akin it before, or that she is so disgusting to him that her crotch means naught to him sexually or even in regards as a human being. Chris is allowed to expose himself small-arm urinating temporary hookup Sharla yells for him to close the door. Chris extremity is allowed to be exposed to women as a sign of power Freeman 3 and manipulation, while a womans exposed vagina is a sign of weakness, objectiveness, and sleaziness.After all of this, she grabs a beer from the fridge before move any clothes on. She is an over sexualized woman, a sexual spectical, while also coming into court to be very masculine in her actions, which is to assume that certain actions and characteristics of both(prenominal) male and female are set in stone to shape our expectations of gender in Hollywood cinema. The beer before pants, the over scene of her form, and the way Sharla speaks t o her step-son are all actions that a man might follow through with, and she does this in a way that expresses her desire for authority, for a penis like the men she obviously idolizes.Sharla and Chris physically disturb as if they were both men she desperately wants to competent into their world, but she is cast away like an unusable minute of meat once her duty to grab them beers has been filled. At thirteen minutes we see Dottie practicing Kung-Fu to a outflow Li movie on the television, which is an framework of her wishing she were stronger, wishing she had the ability and the balls to fight against evil when in reality she is to a greater extent like a p sit-thing for her Father, Ansel Smith, Chris and for Joe barrel maker.Women lack control, so far they desire it, desire the power of the dominant male gender, and Killer Joe progresses the female characters in the same way that Laura Mulvey had expressed this view in 1975 as being an central representation of women en d-to-end Hollywood cinema. Mulvey also argues that women exist as a mere childbearing relation to the male, as a silent opposition that is non a gender of its own, but a male-like figure lacking in its earthshaking source of superiority the phallus.Essentially, social constructions would argue that women are born more by nature gentle and nurturing because of their ability to breed, while men are naturally born with more acceptable aggression, enabling them to Freeman 4 protect their gentle mate (Media and orderliness 5th ed. , 350-351). Thirty-four seconds into the film we have heard a zippo lighter, purposeful footsteps, and a shotgun cocked and blast before we are shown anything, visually. From those sounds alone, the film carries a grunge-country, plaid-wearing, sweaty-man undertone that neer ceases to leave the screen.An angry storm, angry pit-bull and a sloppy trailer park establish the setting of the film, forewarning us that this is a mans film, and is anything but cle an. Ansel and Chris, father and son, are talking about Dotties virginity as if she has not lived out her purpose to society to that degree until she in conclusion gives it up. The inheritance of Dotties mother Adele went to her scumbag boyfriend Rex before her daughter, (whom we find out she tired to kill as a baby). This expresses that women will always fall to the feet of the male superior, as Mulvey has mentioned.Ansel and Sharla talk about Dottie dormancy with cowboy-in-black Joe Cooper for the first time as if satisfying him sexually will bring in the family. They force her to get a dress, look pretty, because If she dont know whats expected of her, she might disappoint him (Sharla, Killer Joe). Mulveys idea that women are merely objects for childbearing is hugely represented when Dottie finally stands up for herself at the end of Killer Joe, kills her family in an act that could just come from the confidence of carrying a child and a loaded phallus.Sharla loses all invisi ble phallic confidence that she once had, when Joe kicks the shit out of her. Sharla never wanted kids she was never a woman with the maternal instinct, therefore she carried no significance or necessary female attributes that satisfied the man. Sharla tries to bastinado the pacts of her gender by cheating on her husband with a younger man, but the photo produce of their sex life puntfires on her when Joe uses her courageous promiscuity against her as if it were her duty as a woman to be gentle, soft Freeman 5 anipulated, and loyal only the men are allowed variety. Like this render has stated, Friedkins Killer Joe is an obvious expression of Laura Mulvey views on the male-authoritative being objective towards women and their abilities as human beings outside of their ability to reproduce. Which brings this prove to the third statement, which emphasizes that women are meant to carry no significance of their own as a lone-standing gender, but as Laura Mulvey indicates, act a s a threatening obstacle for the male to overcome or re-work into something acceptable, and useable.Regine-Mihal Friedman, author of educational article Invisible Metamorphosis (2012), proves in her modern film analysis that the on-screen representation of sexual violence against women has always been a customary theme of cinematic narration, not only in Hollywood as Mulvey mentions, but within international cinema as well. Ansel Smith of Killer Joe is ceaselessly in the dog-house because of Sharla. She wears the pants, carries the symbolic penis in the relationship and she likes it that way. It is her relationship with Corvette Rex that makes her feel dominated, and she appreciates both aspects of her relationships.When Sharla is with Ansel she can have the power and the penis, and while she is with Rex she is able to figuratively and literally lay back and be taken and overcome by the penis. Chris comes to live with Ansel and Sharla because of his relationship with his mother, Ad ele, and her potency over him, causing the reoccurring question end-to-end the film did you hit her, again? (Ansel, Sharla, Killer Joe). For some reason, Chris and Ansel feel entitled to a cut of what Dottie is inherited, again, taking the power away from the phallus-longing female.Chris feels like he is getting back at his mother for all(prenominal)thing she did to him and his sister Dottie. or else of taking the blame for his own mistakes, every one of Freeman 6 his problems travel on Adele, and she must die because of it energetic male, female problem solved. Dottie appears nude in a dream that Chris has about her where she slips her nightgown off to reveal her naked body, but instead of giving him sexual favors, she holds her fists up and stands in a fighter position as if to say I am woman, hear me roar He wakes up terrified, either because of his incestuous dream, or because a supposedly passive female is attempting to submerge his role as the active male could be bot h. Again, this proves that a male auditory sense needs to look voyeuristically to defend power, anonymity, creating an erotic mystery to having seen without being seen (Mulvey, 1975). When Dottie formally becomes Joes retainer for the lack of fee by the Smith family, she is officially in Joes hands, any(prenominal) he says goes, whatever he needs and craves (including her virginity) he claims, and takes.Her body is his to construct, his to mold into something acceptable, something that fits into his life, and fits over his dominance, his penis, forever like a frame of clay. Dottie is easily pressured into sleeping with him and becomes comfortable in the black dress when Joe offers her flowers and a heartfelt story about his youth. She is no longer the feisty feed Li wannabe that Joe once adage her as Dottie has allowed Joe to fix her, to impregnate her, and to make her existence purposeful.Sharla, the overly confident artful whore who believes that she can do, say, get away w ith anything is put in her place when she makes Joe Cooper ejaculate in his pants while sucking on a KFC yellow-bellied wing held to his crotch. To overpower the women you must make her bow down to you, suck you off (suggestively), while waving a piece of chicken (your dominance) in her face. The film concludes with Clarence Carters Strokin, a song that could tell you a lot about Laura Mulveys views on themesFreeman 7 of sexually dominated women throughout Hollywood cinema as a whole, and precisely, Freidkins Killer Joe. Killer Joe has taught us many things If the women want the penis so bad, we should give it to them, that a pregnant women is a powerful women but only if she is literally holding a big pestilent penis in her hands (cocked and gear up to blow bullets at you), and that if you take that penis away, she is nothing but an annoying piece of KFC being waved in your face, begging for significance.Film theorist Laura Mulveys three views regarding a womans need for the mal e phallus, their obligation to reproduce, and that women are never exceptional creatures until the man makes them so, has been proven to appear in both classic and modern Hollywood cinema. William Friedkins obscene murder-story Killer Joe is an undeniable example of how Laura Mulveys ideas are still very apparent when observing unbalanced representations of gender throughout Hollywood Cinema. Freeman 8 Works CitedKiller Joe. Dir. William Friedkin. Perf. Matthew McConaughey. Voltage Pictures, 2011. Film. Mulvey, Laura. Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema. Screen (Society for Education in Film and Television), 163 (Autumn 1975) 6-18. OShaughnessy, M. , & Stadler. (2012). Media and Society Fifth Edition. Melbourne Oxford University Press. (Original work published 1999) Friedman, R. -M. (2012). Invisible Metamorphoses, Studies in Documentary Film, 63, pp. 273290, doi 10. 1386/sdf. 6. 3. 273_1

Block Scheduling

UNION UNIVERSITY THE electric shock OF BLOCK SCHEDULING VERSUS TRADITIONAL SCHEDULING ON STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT A REVIEW OF lit SUBITTED TO DR. BENNY TUCKER IN PARTIAL fulfilment OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF EDU 675 CAPSTONE RESEARCH SEMINAR BY LELA BINGHAM MAY 9, 2012 Chapter 1 Introduction As administrators and educators make questi wizardd ways to practice session unwrapcome to a greater extent(prenominal)(prenominal) than than than(prenominal) productively, major budges move over been occurring in mellowed coach train plans. Within the context of rearing right, genius of the attributes of the handed-down expressional dodge that has been a strain for systemic shift has been the acidify of conviction (Trenta & axerophthol Newman, 2002).In Nichols (2005) enquiry, its n stard that iodine of the virtu everyy important bring ups uttered in A domain at happen plow was related to how in effect consortroom counseling cartridge holder was being apply in Americas give littleonss. Evans, Tokarczyk, Rice & deoxyadenosine monophosphate McCray (2002) indicated that this report offered numerous recommendations for prepargon reform initiatives, including restructuring for more stiff function of civilize condemnation and remove magnitude concentration on core donnish prevail overs. t eachy to Lawrence and McPherson (2000), administrators and t severallyers in America comport been criticized regarding the poor delectation of check eon since the 1980s (p. 178). Maltese, Dexter, Tai, and Sadler (2007) bring that approximately 66. 7% of luxuriously coach solar day graduates from the circle of 2004 enrolled in colleges or universities, the importance of eminent sign aim as a means to prep ar savants for a conquestful college take is essential (p. 1).According to Zepeda and Mayers (2006), as the accountability bar rises, tutors stretch forth to explore avenues for increasing learner accomplishment, and enlighten leadership grant examined raw(a) fiscal statement manners, emerging technologies, and exchange plan patterns to improve the command and nurture influencees (p. 137). Nichols (2005) states that in response to A Nation at Risk report, umteen concerned educators and comm social unity leaders at all aspires argued that educates should append the length of the train mean solar day and the give lessons family and simultaneously restructure the tralatitiousistic daily enrolment.Trenta & illuminateify A Newman (2002) wrote that piece just about app bent motions rush foc utilize on judgeing ways to make star judgment of conviction to the academic year and the academic day, opposite efforts have foc utilise on maximizing the judgment of conviction already in the calendar (p. 54). As schools seek to fancy the most powerful pedagogy strategies to attach educatee operation, Zepeda and Mayers (2001) shows 1 oddly attractive plectrum has been j ang strom unitack programming. This plan is in effect in approximately 30 pct of the nations unessential schools. What is balk- computer programing? hold back- programming is a method of programming the six-hour school day into fend offs of conformation term.Some eons referred to as Extended-Period chronicles, hedge computer programing is adjudgeed by advocates beca character it elapses students in family line for overnight finales of time, reduces the amount students spend transitioning surrounded by family unites, and gives students and instructors more opportunities to view to know individually different (www. precept. com). Rettig (2005) indicated that the most universal graphic symbol of shed light on roll enjoyment in Americas secondary schools is the handed-down catalogue, whereby classes unremarkably meet daily and students date six, seven, or octad classes per day (Two Leading, para. 1).According to world-beater (2000), in that location are requirement steps and they remain imperative for schools examining the possibleness of moving to a frustrate computer programming (p. 221). Gruber and Onwuegbuzie (2001) inform that an augment in ward off computer programming in the past decade has been attributed to factors much(prenominal) as the commentary from the business community calling for fundamental change in commandment (p. 33). Although balk- computer programing has been discussed for a few decades, it has die a subject of consider subject debate. There is a plethora of factors to have-to doe with students exploit but this seek will focus on classroom programing.The purpose of this contemplate is to provide an sagacity of the analogyship with school programming and students aqievement. For the purposes of this paper, I define student achievement as any collateral result(s) occurring to the student because of the schooling process. Chapter 2 Literature refresh According to Kienholz, Segal and Yell in (2003) changes in approaches to program line and acquirement are common in schools as we strive to improve the teaching that we are providing our students, as tumefy as help them to achieve spicy levels of conquest.In the past decade or so, pile programming has become one of the most popular programming alternatives to the conventional memorial previously held by many rules. Block scheduling is non sensitive on the layover. It can be traced back to the early mid-sixties when J. Lloyd Trump of the Oregon de givement of Education urged that the school roll be reexamined to consider longer class periods as a way of improving pedagogy (Kienholz et al. , 2003, p. 62). When fol abases the ingurgitate up inventory, Rikard & adenylic acid Bannville (2005) stated that schools utilize larger periods of time, often 90 minutes rather of 50 to 55 minutes, to each class period.Block scheduling has been configured in polar formats, including the 4 x 4 and AB formats. Under the AB format, students attend classes for approximately 95 minutes on switch long time, age on the 4 x 4 format students attend the alike(p) quadruplet out of use(p) classes each day for 90 consecutive days once per year (p. 26). As a result, students have less classes per day or term, and instructors and students should be suitable to focus more deeply on the bodily. season pipe down relatively new in the world of education, break off scheduling has been the cause for much debate over whether it increases student achievement or non. While the compute is to provide teachers and students with larger, uninterrupted periods of time with which to delve deeper into class contentedness and practice. The city crush has the potential to increase student training but plainly with effective practice session of time. This will help answer the questions virtually the impact lock scheduling has on victor (Rikard & group A Banville, 2005, p. 33). The main purposes of the esearch for this paper present info on both sides of this argument, and discuss the stymie instrument with relation to students, parents and teachers perceptions, advantages and single outs and finally, student achievement (Rikard & angstrom unit Banville, 2005). Students, Parents and Teachers Perceptions As Rikard and Banville (2005) begetings were logical with previous research findings, teacher perceptions indicated their bring down stress levels, a step-down in student absenteeism and tardiness, and reduced student manner problems subsequently changing to sidestep scheduling from a traditionalistic format.Sixty six percent of teacher perceive that students l realize more in breaked versus traditional classes but they had no record evidence of that shutting (p. 26). Jones (2000) research from a game school in Southern Georgia had a one-week trial period in which students and teachers participated in clam up chronicle. In the week subsequent to the trial p eriod, a survey was issued to students by presidency to prepare the mixer validity of the program. Students were non required to participate in the survey.If a student chose to do so, however, they would remain anonymous. At the time the survey was administered, 1,205 students (586 males and 609 females) elected to participate in the survey. This accounted for 57% of students that were enrolled in the tall school at the time of the memorize. Jones view include various questions on the survey, with the last addressing whether or non exclude scheduling was an acceptable alternative to traditional scheduling. The surmount by which students answered ranged from 1-5 with 1 being most agreeable and 5 powerfully disagreeing.The mean score was 2. 85, which leaned more toward students in agreement of the change. However, it was close nice to the median that it could non be considered a significant enough deflection to determine the social validity of the trial period (Jones, 20 00). Veal and Flinders (2001) executed a study that was conducted in a broad(prenominal) school with leash beside catalogue types. Teachers, parents and students perceptions were ascertained to determine the impact of scheduling change on teachers and their classroom practices.The usage of Likert scale surveys, interviews, classrooms observations, and text culture were utilize to compile a picture of how and why teachers adjusted to the change in docket (p. 21). Chi-square and ANOVA analyses equivalence engine turn back, hybrid, and traditional teachers order significant differences in four force fields 1) changes in learn methods, 2) opportunities for reflection, 3) kindred with students, and 4) levels of anxiety. According to responses from all surveys, interviews, and observational entropy, instructional methods for most of the teachers with handicap classes changed (Veal & deoxyadenosine monophosphate Flinders, p. 6). A study by Adams and Salvaterra (1998) inclu ded 67 teachers in four duck plan elevated schools in daddy to see how the teachers perceived the staunch memorandum, and whether or not they changed their instructional practices to accommodate that enumeration. Some teachers mat up un hustling for the inscription change, and were worried about being able to cover all of the content that they were accustomed to covering. For some, they withal tangle that the textbook drives the program a sense of urgency to cover the book persists (Method section, para. 2).The teachers that felt they had not received enough training for the period schedule verbaliseed some resistance to shifting from traditional schedule of content or continued to use activities that did not accommodate well to a lower place the new schedule (Results and Discussion section, para. 8). Adams and Salvaterra found that trance some teachers felt that the blank out schedule was a great fit and looked for ways to use it to its fullest, one main finding was that Teachers in all four schools identified a need for lag information, detailly in pedagogic techniques such as cooperative and integrated learning (The Role of Staff Development, para. ). Zepeda and Mayers (2001) administered a study of 31 start-year teachers in the middle west, all teaching on the 4 x 4 pile schedule. each(prenominal) of these teachers worked at a racially diverse school of 1,200 to 2,000 students and had graduated within trey months of beginning to teach. Zepeda and Mayers conducted interviews with these teachers at the beginning, middle, and end of year to get their perceptions of the draw a blank schedule. however the teachers were interviewed, so administrative and student feedback was not included.These new teachers found that they were having difficulties in adjusting their instruction to the extended keep mum periods, various instructions throughout the period, and running out of materials and/or activities before the end of the period (An alysis of the information section, para. 2). These teachers did not think that they possessed the repertoire of activities needful to happyly carry out a class on the stop schedule, and they excessively expressed concern about student discipline and their inability to keep activities running smoothly (Adjusting teaching section, para. 5). Later in this study, teachers get evenly expressed flavorings of being unprepared to respect students effectively on the closure schedule (Zepeda & adenosine monophosphate Mayers, 2001). Veldman (2002) looks at the information from Coopersville noble schooling (CHS) as they transitioned from a traditional, 7-period a day schedule to a particular type of mental impede schedule (A/B Block). On one day, students would attend 4 classes, while on the following day, 3 classes with study planetary house imbedded in that locationin.After four old age of being on the A/B Block schedule, the school system found that at that place were sev eral scheduling concerns that needed to be addressed. In response to the concerns, the school system researched and surveyed and created a new form of scheduling that combined the trump aspects of both traditional and handicap schedules per Veldman (2002). The new schedule, know as the A/B/C Schedule allowed for more instructional time during the duration of the school year. As opposed to A/B Block Scheduling, which gives 90 days of classroom instruction, the A/B/C Schedule allows for 30 additional instructional days.In cookery for the applianceation of the new schedule, Coopersville advanced enlighten (CHS) provided maestro development to strength that enriched instructional techniques and teaching strategies and focused on learning styles. CHS attributed much of the victor of the program to an outpouring of communication among all stakeholders. Although running heaps were not available at the time of the study, Veldman states that the new schedule was proving to be a su ccess with teachers and students alike.According to Jenkins, milksop and Algozzine (2002), it can be argued that because of the additional instructional time received on a deflect schedule, teachers have more of an opportunity to utilize an multifariousness of instructional strategies and techniques in the classroom. In order to determine if this was true, a study was conducted to inquire of teachers the types of instructional strategies used in their classrooms. Teachers from both block and traditional schedules were surveyed and responses were compared (p. 196).Jenkins et al. findings withal revealed that on that point were no real similarities in the opinions of teachers on both block and traditional schedules in regards to teaching strategies. According to the survey responses, teachers from both sides of the spectrum maintain the resembling types and varieties of teaching strategies, regardless of the schedule in which curriculum is being taught. Another study conducted b y Payne (1996) gnarled a questionnaire for faculty and students whose school was on an alter day block schedule.This schedule allowed for students to attend a scheduled sink of classes, on a block schedule, one day with a different set of classes on the following day. The results of the questionnaire showed that faculty felt that more instructional time allowed for more material to be presented in the classroom. They were not pressed to get a certain amount of material and/or standards presented in baseborner increments in the day. Payne concluded that both faculty and students were satisfied with the schedule and felt that it was a success.In a study of students with different academic profiles, Marchant and Paulson (2001) focused on the student perceptions of their alternating, A/B block schedule. Marchant and Paulson gave questionnaires to 2191 elevatedschool school students in an upper class Midwest suburban high school. They wanted to know what the students perceptions of the block were in relation to areas such as behavior, student-teacher relationships, success, and their support for the block schedule. Students were broken up into clusters relating to whether they were high or low-achieving in school, and hether they were happy, displeased, or apathetic about their success. Marchant and Paulson finding suggest that those who were happy and already successful, responded more positive(p)ly in all categories on the questionnaire, while some the opposite was true for the lower-achieving students, In particular, students who were average or high achievers, were satisfied with their achievement, and believes school is important had the highest levels of school mathematical operation and the highest support for block scheduling (Discussion section, para. ), while, in contrast, Students who were the lowest achievers had the lowest support for block scheduling, cudgel teacher relations, and worst perceptions of student behavior (Discussion section, pa ra. 1). According to Shortt and Thayer (1998/1999), a survey was conducted by the Virginia Department of Education, only 1 percent of the responding teachers and 5 percent of the responding administrators indicated that block scheduling had a negative impact on standardized demonstrate stacks. Shortt and Thayer stated that the entropy they dispassionate indicated that teachers, administrators, and students were positive toward block scheduling.Rikard and Banville (2005) interviewed fifteen sensible education teachers at their school sites from eight high schools find in a southeastern school regulate in the coupled States (pg. 26). Consistent with previous research findings, teacher perceptions indicated their reduced stress levels, a decline in student absenteeism and tardiness, and reduced student behavior problems aft(prenominal) changing to block scheduling from a traditional format. Sixty six percent of teachers perceived that students learned more in impede versus t raditional classes but they had no documented evidence of that conclusion per Rikard and Banville (pg. 6). In Persins (2002) research, he researched student attitudes toward web-assisted instruction or usage of computer animations and graphics versus text-based or mental models. The students responded to questions with answer options ranging from (1) strongly agree to (4) strongly disagree. The participants overall attitude toward internet-assisted instruction was 1. 93, which is just about higher than an agree response since strongly agree is rated at 1. 00. Also, attitudes based on sexual practice were computed with female students having a slightly more positive attitude toward internet-assisted nstruction than males, although the difference in gender group attitudes was not considered significant at alpha = . 05 (Persin, 2002, p. 65). Jenkins, Queen and Algozzines (2002) research, To block or not to block Thats not the Question, was to compare teachers opinions about their pr eparation for using various instructional practices as well as their use of those practices and the rightness of employing them as part of block and traditional teaching schedules.Teachers working in block-scheduled high schools surveys were compared with those of their peers teaching in traditional schedule classes. Jenkins et al. study included 2,000 teachers (N = 2,167) conglutination Carolina high school teachers participated in this research 1,031 taught in block-schedule programs and the remainder taught on the traditional schedule for at least three years. Comparisons were do between their opinions on instructional practices, appropriateness of those methods, and their level of training in those methods (p. 98). Responses to the level of use of various instructional methods showed in truth similar answers, shut out that for peer coaching/peer tutoring, teachers on the block schedule inform a higher use of this strategy than id their peers teaching with a traditional sche dule (p. 198). When answering questions about the appropriateness of instructional methods, again, answers were very similar. However, teachers on the block schedule describe a higher appropriateness of (p. 98) using projects than teachers on the traditional schedule. In terms of training for using different instructional practices, in that location were no significant differences in the answers (Jenkins, et al. 2002) A study involving student perception of the block schedule was conducted by Slate and Jones (2000). This study used 1205 southern Georgia high school students and asked them what they judgment of the block schedule later a one week trial period.Although this was a brief entryway to the schedule, this study provided data for those considering moving a school to the block schedule from students who had in reality had a sense of taste of the schedule, instead of simply having it explained to them. Participation was on a voluntary basis, and data could only be inte rpreted from those who chose to participate, making the stype Ale less representative. One disadvantage noted by the students was that they had difficulty paying maintenance through the longer class periods (Overall Results section, para. 1).The study had a positive resultant role, as many more students reported advantages than reported disadvantages (Overall Results section, para. 2). However, some interesting information was that while Students reported that the block schedule had important advantages, e restrainly increase time for study, and relatively few disadvantages, they reported that block scheduling was only a slightly acceptable alternative to traditional scheduling. Some expressed a slight preference for traditional scheduling (Slate & adenylic acid Jones, 2000, Discussion section, para. 1).Santos and Rettig addressed special education teachers perceptions of block scheduling which included the A/B block and the 4/4 semester plan. They interviewed 18 special educatio n teachers in operation(p) as department chairs in Virginia high schools. Nine of these teachers were serving in alternate-day (A/B) schools and nightclub in 4/4 schools. These schools had operated on this scheduling between 1 and 3 years. (What about special educationsection, para 2). The block scheduling was chosen over the traditional schedules in which the department chairs had worked.All clubhouse 4/4 department heads expressed a preference and six of nine department chairs operating in the A/B plan pet this variation of block scheduling over the single-period schedules (Santos &type A Rettig, 1999, redundant Educators Speak Out section, para. 1) . Advantages and Disadvantages contempt its advantages, as Bryant & group A Bryant (2000) mentioned, block scheduling remains only another time-management tool unless classroom teaching/learning interactions also change. Block scheduling does provide more time with few students per classroom.It requires different instructional approaches and allows teachers to use various strategies in a single period (p. 9) Weller & antiophthalmic factor McLeskey (2000) writes that teachers agreed that within the context of a block schedule, team up teaching aids greatly in including students with high incidence disabilities in habitual education classrooms, and assists in meeting the educational involve of all students (p. 213). Maltese, Dexter, Tai, and Sadler (2007) studied how traditional and block schedules prepared students for science in college classes.Referencing the numerical data in the form of student score, and collecting qualitative data and opinions through student surveys, their study concluded that there were points to be made for both schedules, but that n all was proven to be noticeably more successful than the other in terms of the students level of preparation. Advantages and disadvantages are discussed in research conducted by Kenney (2003), as she looks at the decisions of some schools to aband on the block schedule in favor of returning to the traditional schedule. She quotes R. B.Cobb, a professor at Colorado State University, as verbal expression that the block schedule is a grassroots movement. It seems to hit its momentum based on the logic of it and a judgment call by community and educational leaders hat it just looks like it ought to do crack (para. 7). This statement relates both to the reasons for schools keeping and divergence the block schedule in this article. Schools continuing with the block schedule made that judgment call and felt that the schedule fit their needs better, and they recognized advantages in the block schedule.A student can complete 32 credits over the course of a four-year high school career. This allows four more than is possible with the seven-period day (para. 9). These schools also felt that students were less stressed on the block schedule what the block does is create a climate in which the kids tonus a mess hall less stressnot worrying about seven different classes, seven different sets of rules, and the happening of several different tests a day (para. 7). However, Kenney also discusses disadvantages to the block schedule, and reasons that schools and districts have moved away from this schedule.While superfluous time can be very ripe in class, some administrators feel that many teachers used the additional minutes as busy time (Quick Abandonment section, para. 3). Additionally, there can be provideing issues in smaller schools, when you go to the block, you have to hire more teachers, thats what it boils down to (A Money Decision section, para. 3), and so there is the fact that at this point, there is no determinate proof that the block schedule is the more successful of the 2 schedules, Ive never in reality seen any clear, quantitative evidence that proved block scheduling was superior to the traditional schedule.There was a everyday feeling it was better but no one could prove it (Kenney, 200 3, A Money Decision, para. 5). Santos and Rettig (1999) says The rapid blossom of this innovation brings with it both benefits and concerns with regard to programming for students with disabilities. Despite the amount of information available on block scheduling, little research exists on the benefits and drawbacks for special education (What about special education and block scheduling section, para. 1). One particular study focused on this exact issue Is any one schedule better for students with disabilities?The study focused on a wide of 620 students (160 students with disabilities and 460 students without disabilities) from schools on traditional schedules and schools on block schedules. The schools touch had to have been on a particular schedule for a minimum of 4 years. During the first year of the study, there were 8 traditional scheduled schools and 8 block scheduled schools (4 large schools, 2 medium-sized schools, and 2 small schools). At the end of the study, a total o f 12 schools participated in the study. All schools involved were 9-12 musical score high schools with similar attendance and offset rates.All traditional scheduled schools had the same amount of time in a school day and the same student/teacher ratio. The same applies for the schools on block scheduling (Santos &type A Rettig, 1999). Santos and Rettig surveyed 281 teachers regarding the satisfaction of the schedule on which they taught. State mandated assessment test tons in schooling, manner of speaking, math, science, and social studies, pit point averages, portrayal test score were reviewed from all schools to assist in determining a difference in achievement of students on block and traditional schedules.After reviewing test get ahead and records, it was found that there was no difference between students with disabilities and students without disabilities between either block nor traditional schedules. According to the study, this may be due to the fact that teachers on both schedule types were highly satisfied with the schedule on which their school was open. It was also discovered that teaching strategies were very similar and there was very little, if any, difference between teaching strategies.This information showed that what works for one student, may not work for another, and that it may be possible for the high achieving students to be successful in any environment. While this may not be a unique(predicate) disadvantage for the block schedule, the fact that it does not continuously reach the low achieving student population is something to be considered when look at the effectiveness of the schedule, or when there is the possibility of making the change to the block schedule (Santos & international ampere Rettig, 1999, Recommendations section, para. ) Student Achievement According to Queen (2000), the death penalty of block scheduling was not initiated to hazard student achievement presently. However, in many studies conducted nat ionally, the focus has been on how block scheduling crookd the academic achievement in students (p. 218). Shortt and Thayer (1998/1999) concluded that the test of any reform effort is a positive change in student achievement, in this age of accountability (p. 78).Effects on academics have been investigated primarily by studying the following configuration point average, love roll achievement, deed of failures and dropout rates and students performance on standardized tests (p. 80). Gruber and Onwuegbuzie (2001) conducted a study of student lots on the Georgia exalted School starting time Test (GHSGT) at a school that made the transition from traditional to block scheduling. Scores were interpreted from before the schedule change in 1996-1997. The scores were whence compared to after(prenominal) the schedule change of 1999-2000.While the comparison was hoped to be in favor of block schedule, the findings of the study was no significant difference in grade point average betw een the two groups. Significantly higher scores were noted for students on the traditional schedule in all four core academic areas per Gruber and Onwuegbuzie. In 2005, Nichols conducted a study comparing the academic success of students in five high schools in a large urban area in English and Language liberal arts. Over the course of this study, Nichols noted that the block schedule did not have a observable impact on the achievement of students in this content area.The schools went into the block schedule transition with noticeable grade point average differences between them, and in the 1998-1999 school year (several years after all schools converted to block formats), an overall mean difference in GPAs among the five schools remained (p. 301). Similarly, GPA in the various(prenominal) schools themselves did not differ greatly from year to year, and after the schedule transition. Student GPAs for River highschool School and South High School were ab initio lower than for other high schools in the district and after block conversions, the students generally hold the lower achievement (p. 02). Unfortunately, the same was true for higher gain students, Oak High School and mating High School were initially two of the higher achieving high schools in the district, and their conversion to block scheduling appeared to have little or no impact on student achievement in English or lyric poem arts courses (p. 303). The one noticeable area of change that Nichols does notice is that the routine of students taking English and lyric arts increase substantially after these schools changed to block schedule (p. 207).Lawrence and McPherson (2000) conducted a study comparing the traditional and block scheduling scores of students in two high schools in the same district on the North Carolina end of course tests in the core subjects. The two schools used were chosen because they were some of the first to adopt the block scheduling model. selective information we re taken on the traditional schedule from 1992 1994 and on the block schedule from 1994 1996. While evidence was anticipate to be found to support the success of the block schedule, this was not the case.For each of the four core subject test, the mean score for the traditional schedule was systematically higher than the mean scores for the block schedule (hypothesis 4, para. 2), however, there was significant support for the block schedule when using the students final classroom grades for comparison (results, para. 4). The end could be based on many factors, such as tests being more closely laced to curriculum, or the standardized tests covering more material than students are used to on classroom tests (Lawrence & McPherson, 2000).While looking at standardized testing, the College Board daub of Research and Development did a study in 1998 that compared advanced placement test scores of students on both the block and the traditional schedule, and found that students on t he traditional schedule scored better. Lawrence and McPherson noted that there were also differences in performance between students that study the coursework on the block schedule in the spring versus the attend semester, as they were more removed from the course at the time of the test, or had not yet end the course when the test was administered.Zepeda and Mayers (2006) data favored those students on the traditional schedule. These studies indicate that research shows that pros exists for both types of schedules and more data needs to be gathered and break apart in order to find a conclusive answer. The purpose of this project was to collect data from two different school districts operating on the block schedule at the high school level to obtain personal perceptions and opinions of the block schedule from both students and staff. These perceptions and opinions focused on whether or not the block schedule is seen as a positive class structure.Using a survey that was administe red to both 10th grade students and staff at the participating schools, this data was undisturbed and analyzed to make comparisons between student and staff perceptions, as well as noting any coefficient of correlation between positive views and feelings of success on the block schedule. The analysis of this study was completed in three phases (1) an extensive search of the research concerning block scheduling, (2) plait of a matrix depicting the results of the search, and (3) analysis of the studies included in the matrix. p. 142). The goal of this study was to collect and analyze both quantitative and qualitative data in the form of responses obtained through survey questionnaires. It was expected that the data would lean in favor of the block schedule, and would show trends or specific areas in which teachers and/or students feel that the block schedule is helping them to be successful, as well as reasons, methods, or activities that the survey participants feel are particular ly beneficial or effective with regard to the block schedule (Zepeda & Mayers, 2006).As Kenny (2003) mentioned in her article, Watauga High School located in North Carolina is using a schedule that combines the traditional and block schedule, and they have found similar advantages to the block classes. Watauga schedule includes both traditional and block length courses, and the number of classes that a student has each term depends upon how many blocks they choose to take. It is possible for them to take between four, all block, and eight, all traditional, classes at any given time.This schedule has been employ because the school decided that their philosophical countersink was that neither all block nor all traditional schedules best serve all students, teachers, and subjectswe review student performance, teacher opinion, and available research annually to determine how to best offer the particular course to a lower place review (p. 49). Through this schedule, the school is s howing that their heading is the best interest of their students and teachers, and the learning process.As they continue to work with the block schedule, they note that some of its advantages are less homework each night because of a hoy course load (p. 48), that it can help at-risk students because they normally have two major academic blocks each semester, allowing them to focus more on academics because they have fewer courses (p. 48), also that block courses are taught in a more hands-on-way (p. 48). In a detail military rating of the Copernican plan, Carroll (1994) focused on the letter grades that students earned in their classes, and finds support for the block schedule looking at this end result for students in a course.The 2007 research done by Hynes-Hunter and Avery, focused on the effects of block scheduling on somatic education although this topic has been neglected. Four high schools and one middle school located in the Northeast, and one high school and one middle s chool located on the West brim United States, were selected to participate in this study. When compared with exceptional physical education classes, students in this study spent more time in waiting and management, and less time receiving information and in daily activities (p. 174). Block scheduling creates enough time for students to develop physical skill and for teachers to measure and document skill development. Also, this scheduling allows students to spend qualified time on fitness development to actually experience improved physical fitness per researchers (p. 178). Hynes-Hunter and Avery (2007) pen the research from Claxton and Bryant (1996) clarified that it is a possibility that the holy person place for physical education in the new block will rely on the reputation of the existing physical education program.The authors felt that if physical education was regarded as a class which met no worthwhile objectives, the transition to block may be a convenient time to eli minate it. moreover if it was seen as a vital part of the school program, it has a good chance of assuming an equal role with other subjects (p. 175). Based on the research from Ron Persin (2002), There was a dramatic increase in Physics honors final exam scores when a high school physics teacher implemented a website for instruction in a block schedule.The site was used to deliver weekly take to task notes, plans, and assignments while also providing links to other sources of information in physics. More time in class was available for demonstrations, group lab activities, and multimedia presentations. The research involved comparing the final exam scores in honors physics during three consecutive four-year periods from 1991-2002. social class means showed that the exam scores decreased when the school switched from the seven period-day to the 4 by 4 block, and then increased when the block schedule was advanced with Web-Assisted Instruction (p. 1). In yet another study, two t ypes of block schedules (44 and A/B) and traditional schedules were compared and examined. Ninth grade mathematics and reading standardized test scores were evaluated under each schedule, along with the strike, which was administered during the students minor(postnominal) year of high school. Scheduling types, gender, and ethnicity were observed to determine what, if any, influence they had on test scores. Participants involved came from 7 junior high and high schools in Colorado Spring, Colorado.After the data were reviewed, findings of this study suggests that the 44 block schedule maintained significant gains in the areas of mathematics and reading on the standardized test administered in the 9th grade. ACT scores also revealed that students on a 44 block schedule exceed those on the A/B block and traditional schedules. gender and ethnicity had no influence on the outcome of test scores. Because of the findings, this study slightly backs the idea of block scheduling (Lewis, 20 05).When questions are asked or surveys are completed regarding the use of technology in the curriculum, the overwhelming majority of instructors would say that they are utilizing available technology. Based on the success of this author, it seems that Web-Assisted instruction can be used to enhance learning physics by students in the block schedule. The rudiments of using technology effectively to increase teaching methods mustiness be masters and implemented by all (p. 68). Problems with appropriate use of class time and its impact on student achievement have remained unresolved (Queen, 2000, p. 218). Ten of his fifteen recommendations for the approaching that he believes are important to maximize the positive impact of block scheduling are 1. Teachers must develop and follow monthly, weekly, and daily pacing guides. 2. Teachers must master a minimum of five instructional strategies to engage students directly in the learning process and should aim to master seven or eight. 3. Teachers should whole step each lesson by changing grouping patterns, variable presentations, and using different instructional activities every 10 to 15 minutes. In most cases a teacher should use a minimum of three instructional strategies during any class period. . Teachers should incorporate alternative and bona fide assessment practices when evaluating students. 5. Teachers must use the entire class period for instruction. Every day. 6. Teachers should strive to be imaginative and flexible in assigning activities and should incorporate distant assignments in to regular classroom activities. 7. Teachers should monitor individual students participation in small and large groups. 8. Successful block teachers should mentor, formally or informally, beginning teachers and veteran teachers having difficulty with instruction in block scheduling. . Principals or staff development staff office must provide initial and continuing staff development for all teachers throughout the yea r on the topics of curriculum and instructional alignment, instructional pacing and strategies, and time management. 10. Principals must develop a monitoring team to verify that all teachers are using pacing guides and various instructional strategies effectively (Queen, 2000, p. 221). In essence, the success is very dependent on the professional that implement the scheduling.It is important that the principals, teachers, students, and parents give the same level of attentions and effort to block scheduling as other scheduling options (Queen 2000, p. 222). Veal and Flinders (2001) discloses that in the state of Massachusetts, it is mandatory for a student to pass (or score proficient) on language arts and mathematics portions of the MCAS during the spring semester of their sophomore year in order to graduate with a high school diploma. In 2001, one Massachusetts school, North version High School converted to block scheduling.A study was conducted to determine if achievement, as it pertains to the MCAS, increased after the implementation of the new scheduling system (Veal & Flinders, 2001). Participants of this study consisted of 762 students who took the MCAS during their sophomore year in high school. The years in which data were collected are as follows 1998-1999 mathematics and language arts scores (one year preceding to the conversion to block scheduling) 1999-2000 and 2000-2001 mathematics and language arts scores (two years after block scheduling was implemented). Results showed that in 2001 study, students on the traditional schedule, 73. 3% of the 290 students tested passed the mathematics and language arts portions of the MCAS. In the years following the conversion to block scheduling, 472 students participated in the exam, with 89. 19% of students obtaining a passing score. The outcome provides evidence that there was a significant increase in passing grades for the MCAS at North Reading High School. Veal and Flinders believed that the investme nt of professional development for teachers prior to the instatement of block schedule may have contributed to the improvement of test scores.Implementation of the block scheduling system can be a costly change for any school, this school found it to be an effective change (Veal & Flinders, 2001). The purpose of Trenta and Newmans (2002) study was to determine the impact block schedules had on students grade point averages (GPAs) in required English/language arts courses. Data were collected from five high schools several years prior to the block schedule conversion. Each schools population alter in student socio-economic status and ethnicity.The hypothesis established was that GPAs in required English/language arts classes would not be impacted or bear upon by transition to block scheduling. The researcher used student GPAs and an ANOVA analysis of variance as methods of analysis for obtained data. Resulting from the study, it was found that the majority of schools scores incr eased the first year after the conversion to block schedule, but eventually reverted back to the pre-block average in subsequent years. Only one school maintained a steady increase in GPAs after the change to block scheduling.Upon the request of a mid-western school board, an valuation was conducted on the districts high school block scheduling program. The evaluators, Trent and Newman, were asked to conduct the military rank based on hard data, not opinions. Therefore, Trenta and Newman evaluation of the school consisted of finding the relationship between block scheduling and * Student grades (based on math, English, science, & social studies GPAs) * Ohio Proficiency Test (OPT) Scores * ACT Scores * Attendance RateTrenta and Newman states that subjects of the study consisted of a total of 500 students from the graduating classes of 1997, 2000, 2001, and 2002 (125 from each class) who attended the school from their appetizer year through graduation. Data were collected from e ach students transcript for this study. Results of the study showed that there was a positive relationship between students grades and block scheduling. The same held true for the OPT scores. Although these outcomes cannot be directly attributed to block scheduling, Trenta and Newman (2002) believe that the scheduling change influenced the data concerning grades and OPT scores.ACT scores however, showed no significant relationship to block scheduling. In the case of attendance, the data fluctuated so much so that the relationship to block scheduling, or lack thereof, was indefinite. It was concluded that the evidence for this particular high school shows that block scheduling had an influence on students academic success (Trent & Newman, 2002). Nichols (2005) believes that there is limited support that suggests that block-scheduled schools may have a direct positive effect on improving student achievement.Several schools reported that percentages of earned A grades increased tre mendously after block implementation (p. 300). In 1994, a high school located in the westbound portion of the United States, converted from a traditional 7-period/day schedule to a 44 block schedule. The intent of this conversion was to offer more course options for the students and to create a less-stressed and slower paced melody for both students and teachers. Five years after implementation of block scheduling, the director of schools sought for a method by which the program could be evaluated.In 1998, Adam and Salvaterra, assessed, among other things, whether or not block scheduling was cost-efficient for this particular district. Since the concept of education and knowledge cannot be fiscally measured, the researchers had to establish several methods of evaluation in determining the value of block scheduling battle array of qualitative and quantitative data collection of information on the perception of block scheduling by teachers and parents (in the form of surveys) and visits to the school in which observations were made and interviews conducted (parents, teachers, administrators, focus groups).Survey instruments were analyzed by the use of descriptive and chi statistics. After reviewing data, it was determined that after the implementation of block scheduling * Attendance remained steady (90% attendance rate) * A Honor Roll increased * B Honor Roll remained the same * D & F scores slightly decreased * College entrance exams did not have any significant changes * Overall academic achievement remained stable Although academic achievement wide-ranging little, results showed that in reference to the A and B honor roll, students performed better under block scheduling.Other areas evaluated included the professional development/training for block scheduling for faculty. Surveys showed that although there was little training was provided to teachers, in-services compensated and aided teachers in preparing to each under the block schedule. In block sc heduling, teachers are allotted a planning time which is almost double that of a traditional schedule. This time was not being monitored by administration. Results from surveys and interviews showed that faculty and administration could more effectively utilize this time.However, results also showed that teachers use this time to work more closely with students in providing additional assistance and also in preparing for the lesson/unit that is being taught. Would there be much change, if any, in the results of student achievement? Would it be worth the financial and educational costs of implementing a new type of schedule? Teachers should also be trained on how to instruct under a new scheduling type. By doing so, teachers will be equipped with the necessary tools by which they can adequately educate students under a particular type of schedule (Jenkins, 2002).Chapter 3 Summary As I looked into the research, reports and articles, it is clear that there are disadvantages and certain ly advantages for the use of the block schedule. When one study reports lower test scores on the block schedule in an area, it is possible to find another study with contradictory findings. The majority of the studies reviewed showed that there was no significant difference in student achievement based upon the type of scheduling. Studies where students showed improvement in block scheduling, however, had several external factors that may have impacted student achievement (i. e. xtensive research among students, teachers, and parents prior to implementing a new type of schedule, teacher in-service training as pertains to block scheduling, etc). One underlying typography throughout the literature was that the majority of, if not all of the stakeholders, need to be on-board and coached prior to the implementation of a new or different schedule. I harmonize with Wronkovich, the decision whether or not to adopt block scheduling should be based on the run of current research. Schools should establish measurable goals and set a timetable for evaluating the outcomes of block scheduling (para. ). Block schedules can potentially ease the transition from the homelike atmosphere of the mere(a) school to the departmentalized environment of the high school by reducing the need for constant class changes and the number of classes students have on any given day, while providing increased content emphases and time on task. The blocked time schedule also gives even disorganise students a fighting chance to keep au courant of assignments and projects (Mowen & Mowen, 2004, p. 50). I have found that the research is still inconclusive as to which schedule better serves the educational needs of students.Like with any topic, there are studies and research that favor arguments on both sides, indicating that more information is definitely needed. As Veldman (2002) emphasizes, when considering a change in scheduling, a school must take into account the opinions and concerns o f all stakeholders and research its options. References www. education. com Adams, D. C. & Salvaterra, M. E. (1998). morphological and Teacher Changes necessities for successful block scheduling. High School diary, 81, p. 98-106. Bryant, C. & Bryant R. (2000). Social studies in the block schedule A model for effective lesson design.The Social Studies, 9-16. Canady, R. L. & Rettig, M. D. (2001). Block scheduling The key to quality learning time. Principal, 80(3), 30-34. Carroll, J. M. (1994). The Copernican plan evaluated The evolution of a revolution. Phi Delta Kappan, 76(2), 104-113. Childers, G. L. & Ireland R. W. (2005). Mixing block and traditional scheduling. The Education Digest, 6, 43-49. Dexter, K. M. , Tai, R. H. & Sadler, P. M. (2006). Traditional and block scheduling for college science preparation A comparison of college science success of students who report different high school scheduling plans.The High School Journal, 89(4), 22-34. Evans, W. , Tokarc zyk, J. , Rice, S. , & McCray, A. (2002). Block scheduling An evaluation of outcomes and impact. The Clearing House, 75(6), 319-323. Gruber, C. D. & Onwuegbuzie, A. J. (2001). Effects of block scheduling on academic achievement among high school students. The High School Journal, 84(4), 32-42. Hackmann, D. G. (2004). Constructivism and block scheduling reservation the connection. Phi Delta Kappan, 85(9), 697-702. Hynes-Hunter, J. M. & Avery, S. (2007). Block scheduling in secondary physical education East compared to West Coast Unite States of America.The Physical Educator, 64(4), 170-179. Jenkins, E. , Queen, A. , & Algozzine, B. (2002). To block or not to block Thats not the question. The Journal of Educational Research, 95(4), 196-202. Kenney, L. C. (2003). Back from the blockor not? School Administrator, 60(9). Kienholz, K. , Segall, N. & Yellin, D. (2003). The block Implications for secondary teachers. Kappa Delta Pi, 39(2), 62-65. Lawrence, W. W. & McPherson , D. D. (2000). A comparative study of block scheduling and traditional scheduling on academic achievement.Journal of instructional Psychology, 27(3), 178-182. Lewis, C. W. , Dugan, J. J. , Winokur, M. A. , & Cobb, R. B. (2005). The effects of block scheduling on high school academic achievement. NASSP Bulletin, 89(645), 72-87. Maltese, V. A. , Dexter, K. M. , Tai, R. H. , & Sadler, P. M. (2007). severance from tradition Unfulfilled promises of block scheduling in science. Science Educator, 16(1), 1-7. Marchant, G. J. & Paulson, S. B. (2001). Differential school functioning in a block schedule A comparison of academic profiles. High School Journal, 84(4), 12-20.Mowen, G. G. & Mowen, C. (2004). To block-schedule or not? Education Digest, 69(8), 50-53. Nichols, J. D. (2005). Block-scheduled high schools furbish up on achievement in English and language arts. The Journal of Education Research, 98(5), 299-309. Payne, D. A. & Jordan M. M. (1996). The evaluation of a high school block schedule. Convergence of teacher and student data. American junior-grade Education, 25(2), 16-19. Persin, R. (2002). Web-assisted instruction in physics An enhancement to block scheduling. American Secondary Education 30(3), 61-69.Queen, J. A. (2000). Block scheduling revisited. Phi Delta Kappan, 82(3), 214-222. Rettig, M. D. (1999). The effects of block scheduling. American Association of School Administrator. Rikard, G. L. & Banville, D. (2005). High school physical education teacher perceptions of block scheduling. The High School Journal, 26-34. Santos, K. E. & Rettig, M. D. (1999). Going on the block meeting the needs of students with disabilities in high schools with block scheduling. Teaching Exceptional Children, 31(3), 54-59. Shortt, T. L. & Thayer, Y. V. (1999).Block scheduling can enhance school climate. Educational leaders, 56(4), 76-81. Slate, J. R. & Jones, C. H. (2000). Students perspectives on block scheduling Reactions following a brief tr ial period. The High School Journal, 83(3), 55-65. Trenta, L. amp Newman, I. (2002). Effects of a high school block scheduling program on students A four-year longitudinal study of the effects of block scheduling on student outcome variables. American Secondary Education,31(1), 54-64. Veal, W. R. amp Flinders, D. J. (2001). How block scheduling reform effects classroom practice.High School Journal, 84(4), 21-31. Veldman, R. (2002). The best of both schedules. Principal Leadership (High School Ed. ), 3(3), 36-38. Weller, D. R. amp McLeskey, J. (2000). Block scheduling and inclusion body in a high school. Remedial and Special Education, 21(4), 209-218. Zepeda, S. J. amp Mayers, and R. S. (2001). New kids on the block schedule Beginning teachers face challenges. The High School Journal, 84(4), 1-11. Zepeda, S. J. amp Mayers, R. S. (2006). An analysis of research on block scheduling. Review of Educational Research, 76(1), 137-170.